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Topic:Horse Breeds
Horse breeds represent the diverse genetic and phenotypic variations found within the species Equus ferus caballus. These breeds are categorized based on characteristics such as size, conformation, coat color, and temperament, which have been selectively bred over centuries to fulfill specific roles and functions. Common classifications of horse breeds include light horses, draft horses, and ponies, each serving different purposes ranging from riding and racing to work and companionship. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetics, history, and functional attributes of various horse breeds, as well as their impact on equine management and breeding practices.
The role of selected biochemical components of equine seminal plasma in determining suitability for deep-freezing. Experiments conducted on the freezability of 400 ejaculates collected from 64 stallions demonstrate the possibility of predicting the semen's ability to withstand the freezing/thawing process. If the sperm concentration, AspAT activity and total protein content in the seminal plasma of raw ejaculates are determined before freezing, the effects of freezing may be forecast in about 80% of the ejaculates.
A new genetic variant Z2 in the Pi system of horses. A new genetic variant in the horse Pi system, designated Z2, was reported in Polish Arabs by using two-dimensional agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The frequencies of Pi alleles F, G, L, L2, N, S, U, W, Z and Z2 were found to be 0.036, 0.005, 0.171, 0.013, 0.008, 0.237, 0.416, 0.003, 0.107 and 0.004 respectively.
Cloning of highly polymorphic microsatellites in the horse. We have isolated equine microsatellites by screening a genomic library with (TG)n and (TC)n probes. TG microsatellites were found to be more abundant than TC repeats, with an estimated frequency of one per 100,000bp. Sequence analysis of eight TG-positive clones revealed varying structures of the repeat regions; perfect stretches of TG repeats, imperfect stretches of TG repeats and compound regions of TG and TC repeats. Five loci were analysed by PCR and showed extensive polymorphism; three to seven alleles and heterozygosities of 0.40-0.76 were observed when screening 20-30 unrelated individu...
New A system allele of red cell alloantigens in Paso Fino horses. Family data from Paso Fino horses support the existence of a new allele (Aabdf) in the A system of red cell alloantigens. Considering breeds throughout the world, the A system now consists of 13 alleles defined by reagents which serologically detect seven factors.
Modelling exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing thoroughbreds. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) affects a large portion of racing thoroughbred horses. Sites of hemorrhage and causal mechanisms remain unestablished. Our mathematical model was constructed to test the hypothesis that EIPH could be caused by a combination of respiratory and circulatory mechanical factors occurring during exercise. Various physiological data for respiration, blood circulation and exercise were incorporated into the model. Results show that inhalation pressure drops across airway resistances become great enough during exercise to cause rupture of capillaries for bot...
[Horse racing and animal welfare]. Intensive strain of racing-horses during training and race is not an end in itself but should be understood from the social task to create exceptionally efficient horses. This roughness in sports obliges the responsible associations to issue rigorous regulations for the protection of horses. In this paper, some physical and psychical disorders of racing-horses are described. Improved keeping conditions as well as performance-adapted training methods will help to avoid defects. The aids being used during training and races are critically investigated on their effects according to the regulation...
Spermatozoal head defect as a cause of infertility in a stallion. A 9-year-old Arabian stallion with a 3-year history of infertility was evaluated for breeding soundness. Both testes were small. Ultrasonography revealed a small amount of free fluid between the tunics of both testes. Results of cytologic examination of the fluid were unremarkable. On semen examination, progressive motility was 10%, and total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate was 6.6 x 10(9), of which 92% were abnormal. Predominant abnormalities were head defects (75%): 57% of the heads had single or multiple vacuoles, and 60% also had midpiece swelling or bending.
Prevalence of virulent Rhodococcus equi in isolates from soil and feces of horses from horse-breeding farms with and without endemic infections. The prevalence of virulent Rhodococcus equi in isolates from soil and feces of foals on a farm with endemic R. equi infections was significantly higher than that of a farm with no history of the disease. Foals bred on a farm with the endemic disease might be constantly exposed to virulent R. equi in their environment.
Anomalies of centriolar derivatives manifest in spermatic flagella and respiratory cilia of the stallion. Anomalies of centriolar derivatives were identified in ejaculates and testicular and tracheal biopsies of a sterile stallion, using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. LM revealed that over half the sperm population had only a vestigial or no tail, while the rest had tails of variable length and shape. The vestigial tail was represented by its anlage, which was implanted on the nucleus and differentiated up to capitulum and collum stage. The stunted tail had an axoneme and its derivatives, but was short in all tail segments. Regardless of the tail length or shape, virtually ...
Therapeutic management of ocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: 43 cases (1979-1989). The records of 50 horses with ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over an 11 year period were reviewed to determine the influence of therapy on the outcome of the case. Follow-up information was obtained for 43 of the 50 cases. The disease was more prevalent in the light horse breeds; however, the draft breeds also were at risk. There was no sex predisposition and the average age was 11.8 years. Tumour recurrence was significant when surgery alone was performed. The eyelid and nictitating membrane were the primary si...
[Postanesthetic complications in the horse. Evaluation of anesthesia in the last 28 years (1962-1989)]. The anesthesia routine in the horse is briefly explained. 35 postanesthetic complications resulted from the total of 4364 cases of anesthesia. They are evaluated by means of the duration of anesthesia, the time of paresis, the exemplary courses of enzymes as well as the distribution of race and sex and their ratio towards all cases of anesthesia. Finally a list of demands concerning the operative and postoperative phases is compiled to minimize postoperative myositis (PAM) and lameness (PAL).
Use of manual stimulation for collection of semen from an atactic stallion unable to mount. A 9-year-old atactic breeding stallion was trained to ejaculate, with only manual stimulation, while standing on the ground. Ejaculates obtained yielded fertile semen with morphologic and motility characteristics within the range for normal stallions. This method extended the breeding life of a stallion unable to mount a live or dummy mare or to ejaculate into an artificial vagina while standing on the ground.
[The postnatal iron status of trotter foals]. The postnatal iron status of 20 trotter foals (7 female, 13 male) was studied by analyzing different parameters in blood drawn on the day of birth, and 14 +/- 2 and 28 +/- 2 days later. Hemoglobin hematocrit, plasma iron and transferrin saturation averaged 14.9 g/dl, 41.8%, 300 micrograms/dl and 59.4%, respectively, on the day of birth. These values were significantly reduced after 14 days, but had approached again the initial levels by day 28. There was a slight, statistically nonsignificant rise in the mean total iron-binding capacity over the four-week period. Iron status was not affecting ...
Season but not age affects Sertoli cell number in adult stallions. To evaluate the effect of age and season on Sertoli cell number per paired testes, ratio of germ cells per Sertoli cell, and daily sperm production, testes were obtained from 184 adult (4-20 yr) stallions at slaughter throughout one year. Numbers of Sertoli cells or germ cells were derived from nuclear volume density, volume of individual nuclei, and parenchymal volume. Germ cell to Sertoli cell ratios were calculated from cell numbers. Regression analysis was used to detect age-related differences in the breeding season (May-Jul) or throughout the year. A two-way analysis of variance was used...
[Survey of the reproductive features and insemination/mating results in full blood Arabian and Haflinger mare herds on stud farms in west and middle Anatolia]. Within a German-Turkish university partnership documentation of reproductive data of brood-mares was performed as a part project of the cooperation contract. In the study Arab, Haflinger and cross-breed mares were included. The mares mainly were housed in big studfarms and a smaller part was kept under small private farms. Almost three quarters of both the Arab and Haflinger mares exhibited an estrous length of 1-4 days, whereas the others showed a heat duration of a period of 5-10 days. In the same group of probands a mean length of sexual cycle of 18-24 days could be observed in 38.2% of the...
Genetic predictions of racing performance in quarter horses. Research on the racing performance of quarter horses has been used to develop genetic prediction summaries on all horses with at least one start on record at the American Quarter Horse Association. In the 1987 summary, records from a total of 212,065 horses were used to give genetic predictions on stallions, mares, geldings, fillies, and colts. A reduced animal model was used that incorporated the repeated records of individuals. The individual race was the contemporary group after the data were adjusted for distance, sex, and age. Estimates of heritability of .24 and repeatability of .32 sugg...
Extender and centrifugation effects on the motility patterns of slow-cooled stallion spermatozoa. Slow-cooled stallion spermatozoa, with and without seminal plasma removed by centrifugation, were diluted in Kenney's extender (KE) containing nonfat dry skim milk with glucose and antibiotics or in KE supplemented by adding a modified high-potassium Tyrode's medium (KMT). Four ejaculates from each of four stallions were collected and divided factorially across these four treatments. Percentage of motile sperm, path velocity, and linearity immediately after treatment (0 h) and after storage at 4 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 h were evaluated objectively by use of a HTM-2030 sperm motility analy...
Use of DNA fingerprinting in paternity analysis of closely-related Exmoor ponies. DNA fingerprinting techniques were used to try to resolve the parentage of an Exmoor pony foal. Three young Exmoor ponies, one female and two males, shared a paddock and the female subsequently became pregnant. The two possible sires were three-quarter siblings and were also half-siblings to the dam. Southern hybridisation of Exmoor pony DNA with human mini-satellite probes resolved the disputed parentage in spite of the fact that there was a 70 per cent band share between the individuals involved. Colt M6 was 2.06 times more likely to be the father than an uncle, and Colt M3 was 477 times mor...
Comparison of pregnancy rates from transfer of fresh versus cooled, transported equine embryos. Donor mares of mixed, light-horse breeds, maintained at Colorado State University, provided 104 embryos for immediate transfer (fresh embryos). One hundred and thirty-six additional embryos were collected on various breeding farms in the United States and were shipped to Colorado State University via commercial airlines (cooled embryos). Embryos were harvested 7 d after ovulation, graded, and either transferred into a mare immediately (<1 h) or placed in Ham's F-10 medium plus 10% fetal calf serum in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 and packaged in a passive cooling unit (Equitai...
