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Topic:Infection
Infections in horses encompass a range of diseases caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These infections can affect different systems within the horse, such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and integumentary systems, leading to a variety of clinical signs depending on the pathogen and the severity of the infection. Common infectious diseases in horses include equine influenza, strangles, and equine herpesvirus. Diagnosis often involves clinical examination, laboratory testing, and sometimes imaging, to identify the causative agent and assess the extent of the disease. Treatment strategies may include antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and preventive measures such as vaccination and biosecurity practices. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases in equine populations.
Chlamydia psittaci infection of horses with respiratory disease. Two strains of Chlamydia psittaci were isolated from the nasal tract of horses with acute respiratory disease. These 2 isolates (NS 121 and NS 172) were characterized as chlamydia on the basis of their morphology, tinctorial property, growth in chicken embryos, inability to grow on bacterial media and their possession of chlamydial common complement fixing group antigen. They were identified as C. psittaci on the basis of resistance to sodium sulphadiazine. The present strains were not pathogenic to mice and guinea pigs and non-toxigenic. They induced antibodies and caused latent infection in ...
Cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient Arabian foals. Five of six immunodeficient Arabian foals that died of adenoviral infection were found to be infected with an intestinal coccidian of the genus Cryptosporidium. Various developmental stages of the organism were found in the microvillous border of the intestinal mucosa. The foals had diarrhea but it was not possible to separate the effects of the cryptosporidial infection from those of the concomitant adenoviral enteritis.
Prevalence of latent cases of Babesia equi infection in some parts of North West India as measured by the capillary agglutination test. The prevalence of Babesia equi infection in north west India was assessed by means of the capillary tube agglutination (CA) test. The particulate antigen used in the test was potent and no cross reaction with other related haemaprotozoa was observed. The serological survey showed that from 323 horses from 3 localities there was an overall incidence of 50.1 per cent. In Haryana the incidence was 38.3 per cent in the 196 horses tested, in Uttar Pradesh it was 47.2 per cent from 72 animals and in Rajasthan it was 96.4 per cent from 55 horses.
Sensitivity of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of pigs and horses to erythromycin and its use in selective media. The ability of erythromycin in liquid medium to suppress the growth of eight species of acholeplasma and of 13 species of mycoplasma was tested. The Acholeplasma spp and two glycolytic Mycoplasma spp from horses--a slow glucose-metabolising (SGM) mycoplasma and a strain N3, related to M mycoides--were sensitive to erythromycin. Thus the growth of acholeplasmas can be suppressed when attempts are made to isolate pathogens from the porcine respiratory tract, but, in the case of horses, erythromycin would suppress not only Acholeplasma spp but also two Mycoplasma spp of unknown pathogenicity in t...
Horner’s syndrome in the horse: experimental induction and a case report. The findings in 6 experimental and 1 natural case of Horner's Syndrome (HS) are presented. The experimental cases were induced by unilateral surgical section of the cervical sympathetic trunk in the middle third of the neck. The naturally occurring case was seen in a 17 year old gelding with a mediastinal tumour. The signs of HS in these horses included ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, hemilateral sweating and temperature increase of the face and cranial cervical region on the affected side. The intensity of these signs was variable between and within animals. Miosis, enophthalmos and temperature...
Equine leptospirosis with some clinical observations. In a serologic survey on equine leptospirosis in Egypt, the following incidences of leptospiral serosensitivity were found: 1. Hospitalised horses 65/113 (57.5 %). 2. Hospitalised donkeys 90/125 (72.0 %). 3. Apparently healthy horses 21/72 (29.1 %). Sera of these animals were mostly reacting to serotypes butembo, pomona, icterohemorragiae, and grippotyphosa. Equine in Egypt are close animals to humans and may constitute a potential source of leptospiral infection. From the clinical point of view, it is very possible that ocular, hoof lesions and icterus in equines would be expected with leptos...
Contagious equine metritis. An outbreak of contagious equine metritis that occurred on stud farms in the Newmarket area during 1977 is described. A Gram-negative coccobacillus was isolated from field cases and the disease was reproduced experimentally by inoculating a pure culture of the organism through the cervix of clean pony mares. Natural spread of the disease occurred by venereal transmission and following the handling, examination or teasing of infected mares. Bacteriological screening of the genital tract of mares and stallions before covering plus stricter standards of hygiene on the stud farms have been recomme...
Immune response of ponies to experimental infection with Ehrlichia equi. Four ponies experimentally infected with Ehrlichia equi developed substantial cell-mediated immune responses, as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Serum anti-E equi antibodies up to 1:1,280 were demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Cell-mediated immune responses returned to a base-line value by day 200 after primary inoculation, but serum antibody titers persisted for at least 300 days after inoculation. Two additional susceptible ponies, which were inoculated with convalescent blood or organ homogenates from ponies recovered from acute equine ehrlichiosis...
Special topics in clinical pathology. The following topics are discussed in this presentation: A. Recent advances in the use and interpretation and methodology of antibiotic susceptibility testing. B. Improvements in sample submittal to obtain accurate results from your laboratory. C. Staining blood, bone marrow, and cytology specimens in the office laboratory. D. Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of lipemia. E. Differential diagnosis of abdominal effusions.
Regulation of the synthesis of M protein by sugars, Todd Hewitt broth, and horse serum, in growing cells of Streptococcus pyogenes. Various sugars were tested for their effect on the differential rate of synthesis of M protein during the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes strain 0055 M12T12. In a semisynthetic medium alone, a high rate of M protein synthesis occurred with glucose as a substrate; decreasing rates of synthesis occurred with sucrose and trehalose, in that order, although the rates of growth were approximately equal with all sugars. A period of derepressed synthesis of M protein occurred in the lag phase of growth and in the stationary period as the substrates were being depleted. Although glucose inhibited the ...
Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 3: resistance to hydroxyurea and thymidine. The replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 3 (EHV-3) was unimpeded in three different cell types-equine epithelial cells, equine fibroblasts, and mouse fibroblasts-which had been blocked in their capacity to synthesize host DNA by 2.5 mM hydroxyurea (HU) or 2 mM thymidine (TdR). The rate of DNA synthesis in uninfected or equine herpesvirus-infected cells in the presence of HU or TdR was measured by pulse-labeling cell samples with a labeled DNA precursor at different times after infection. DNA synthesis in uninfected cultures was completely inhibited by both compounds. Howev...
Demonstration of specific antibodies in the central nervous system of horses naturally infected with Borna disease virus. From 18 horses with clinical symptoms of an affection of the central nervous system and with histopathologic alterations in the brain, four were demonstrated to have Bornavirus-specific antibodies. The antibodies are monospecific, recognizing identical antigens from infected brains of different animal species as well as from persistently infected tissue culture cells. Discrete immunoglobulin species (oligoclonal IgG) can be demonstrated in concentrated horse cerebrospinal fluid; they carry Bornavirus antibody specificity. Their presence, together with the higher antibody titers in the cerebros...
Black grain mycetoma (maduromycosis) in horses. Black grain mycetoma occurred in two horses, one a cross-bred pony and the other a Thoroughbred racehorse. Lesions were limited to wart-like growths in one case and a deep-seated girth gall in the other. In both cases the granules in the affected tissues were similar in pigmentation and structure to those produced by Curvularia geniculata in dogs. Since all the specimens were received in formalin, the causative fungus could not be isolated. These are the first cases of maduromycosis in animals to be recorded in South Africa.
Demonstration of equine infectious anemia virus in primary leukocyte cultures by electron microscopy. Electron microscopy was used to demonstrate the presence of viral particles in primary cultures of leukocytes taken from a horse after SC inoculation with the Wyoming strain of equine infectious anemia virus. Unlike previous studies, the exposure virus was not passaged through cell culture prior to horse inoculation. Cultures were begun approximately 1 week before and 1 week after the 1st pyrexic period after inoculation. In both samples, viral particles and cytoplasmic alterations were observed resembling those previously reported in equine infectious anemia virus and other retravirus-infecte...
Vestibular disease, and its relationship to facial paralysis in the horse: a clinical study of 7 cases. The signs observed in 6 cases of peripheral vestibular disease included incoordination, head tilt and nystagmus. The intensity of the signs varied greatly with duration of the disease, and in 3 cases facial paralysis was also present. Tympanosclerosis was demonstrable in all cases subject to radiology. Trauma was the causative factor in most cases. The causes of, and relationships between, vestibular dysfunction and concomitant facial paralysis are discussed. The exact etiology of the tympanosclerosis is unknown.
