Laboratory methods in equine research encompass a variety of techniques and procedures used to analyze biological samples from horses to study health, disease, genetics, and physiology. These methods include hematological analyses, biochemical assays, molecular biology techniques, and microbiological cultures. Commonly utilized laboratory techniques involve blood tests for complete blood count (CBC) and serum chemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genetic and infectious disease studies, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detecting specific proteins or antibodies. These methods provide valuable data that contribute to understanding equine health and disease mechanisms. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the application, development, and outcomes of laboratory methods in the context of equine research.
Watson ED, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ.Acute endometritis was induced in ovariectomized pony mares by infusion of a 1% solution of oyster glycogen. Maximum concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 in uterine washings coincided with the greatest rate of infiltration of neutrophils into the uterine lumen. Concentrations of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 decreased to basal levels 6 h after infusion and were unaffected by administration of ovarian steroids to ovariectomized mares. Uterine washings from mares with persistent endometritis did not contain significantly different concentrations of leukotriene B4 from genitally normal...
Pycock JF, Allen WE, Porter DJ, Boyd EH.Two independent assay systems were used to study the effect of three antibacterial preparations on in vitro morphology and chemotaxis of equine neutrophils. Incubation of neutrophils with high (200 micrograms/ml) and medium (20 micrograms/ml) concentrations of neomycin impaired their response to standard chemoattractants. Trimethoprim/sulfadoxine (0.4/2.0 micrograms/ml-40/200 micrograms/ml) and benzylpenicillin (0.25-25 micrograms/ml) had no effect. Neutrophils collected from geldings 2 and 24 h after neomycin (5 mg/kg) administration had impaired responses to standard chemoattractants. Benzyl...
Williamson CC, Stoltsz WH, Mattheus A, Schiele GJ.The complement fixation test (CFT), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared in their application to the serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma equiperdum infection in 43 horses. The CFT remains a reliable test for dourine, especially in countries where other members of the subgenus Trypanozoon do not occur. The IFAT is a good 'back-up' test, but, requiring skilled operators it has the disadvantage of making it labour intensive, and interpretation of results subjective. This makes it ...
Qureshi GA, Eriksson A.A method for the routine determination of the beta-adrenergic drugs clenbuterol and mabuterol in equine plasma has been developed. The drugs were isolated from alkalinized plasma by liquid-liquid extraction. The organic phase was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in the mobile phase prior to injection. The recoveries were 98% and 95% for clenbuterol and mabuterol, respectively. The drugs were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitated by a use of a coulometric detector set at +0.75 V vs. the internal reference electrode. The influence o...
Johansson M, Anlér EL.A quantitative method for the analysis of flunixin, 2-(2-methyl-3-trifluoromethylanilino) nicotinic acid, in equine urine by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection has been developed. Flunixin and the internal standard, mefenamic acid, N-(2,3-xylyl) anthranilic acid, were analysed after extractive methylation of the carboxylic acid group using methyl iodide. The extraction and alkylation conditions of flunixin and mefenamic acid have been studied. The detection limit of the method was 0.25 mumol/l flunixin in urine (74 ng/ml). Flunixin was found to be conjugated to 96.5% in equi...
Karàdi I, Kostner GM, Gries A, Nimpf J, Romics L, Malle E.Earlier studies demonstrated that lipoprotein (a), a lipoprotein of high atherogenicity, possesses proteolytic activity. In this report, we provide evidence that the lipoprotein (a)-specific antigen, apoprotein (a) is immunochemically related to plasminogen. This was demonstrated by polyclonal antisera from rabbit, sheep and horse, and with three monoclonal antibodies from mouse. Using immunospecific adsorbers against lipoprotein (a), all plasminogen could be adsorbed from lipoprotein (a)-positive and apparently lipoprotein (a)-negative plasma. As an additional similarity to plasminogen, lipop...
Cook RF, Sinclair R, Mumford JA.An antigen capture indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect influenza nucleoprotein antigen in nasal secretions from horses infected with A/equine/H3N8 viruses. Results from this assay were compared with conventional virus isolation in embryonated hens eggs.
Tai CL, Wang C, Weckman TJ, Popot MA, Woods WE, Yang JM, Blake J, Tai HH, Tobin T.To improve the sensitivity and specificity of screening for etorphine in horses, an 125I-labeled etorphine analog was synthesized and an antibody to etorphine was raised in rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for etorphine was developed, using these reagents. Bound and free 125I-labeled etorphine was separated by a double-antibody method that reduced interference from materials associated with equine urine. The 125I-labeled etorphine binding was rarely greater than 250 pg of background etorphine equivalents/ml in raw urine and was 100 pg/ml in hydrolyzed urine. The 125I-RIA was capable of detect...
Araújo-Viel MS, Juliano MA, Oliveira L, Prado ES.The effect of secondary-subsite interactions on the catalytic efficiency of horse urinary kallikrein was studied using as substrates oligopeptides and peptidyl-4-nitroanilides with L-Arg at P1. The known secondary specificity of tissue kallikreins for hydrophobic residues at P2 was also demonstrated for horse urinary kallikrein and a higher preference of this enzyme for L-Phe over L-Leu at P2 was evident. Interaction of subsites S3 with D-Pro and D-Phe enhanced the catalytic efficiency but tripeptidyl-4-nitroanilides with acetyl-D-Pro, L-Pro and acetyl-L-Pro at P3 were no better substrates tha...
Brooks CL, Garry F, Swartout MS.Analytical characteristics of photometry and ion-specific potentiometry for urine from sheep, horses, cows, dogs, and cats were determined, using solutions of sodium and potassium chloride. The performance of both methods were acceptable, but the ion-specific potentiometer (in the mode for urine analysis) was superior in terms of linearity of response and correlation between actual vs measured concentrations. Coefficients of variation of either method for repeated analyses of various concentrations of sodium and potassium were always less than 2.5%. The measurement of sodium concentration in u...
Safronova LD, Pimenova TI.The cytogenetic study performed has shown that karyotyping of meiotic cells can be based on the synaptonemal complexes (SC) of spreading pachytene spermatocytes of bull and of horse. The horse SC karyotype has not been previously described. A comparison of the relative length of SC with metaphase chromosomes of bull and horse somatic cells has revealed the correspondence of the chromosome length in pachytene of meiosis and metaphase, which is in agreement with the data on house mouse and Chinese hamster. The method of spreading pachytene cells may be of great practical importance in studies of...
Tobin T, Tai HH, Tai CL, Houtz PK, Dai MR, Woods WE, Yang JM, Weckman TJ, Chang SL, Blake JW.We have developed and evaluated a one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for fentanyl as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. This ELISA test detects fentanyl with an I-50 of about 100 pg/ml. The test is economical in that it can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test is rapid, and ten samples, a normal pre-race complement, can be analyzed in about twenty minutes. The test readily detects the presence of fentanyl or its metabolites in equine blood and urine from two and twenty-four hours respecti...
Stott ML, Osburn BI.Long-term equine lymphocyte cultures were initiated and maintained in continuous culture with medium containing recombinant human interleukin-2. Cultures were successfully maintained with lectin activation signals and recombinant human interleukin-2 or with recombinant human interleukin-2 alone. All cell cultures that were characterized had a T-lymphocyte phenotype and had lectin-dependent or -independent cytotoxicity directed to various cell types. These findings demonstrate that long-term equine T-lymphocytes cultures can be initiated and maintained easily.
Meistrich ML.The problem of extrapolating effects of reproductive toxins on experimental animals to predict the doses that would produce infertility in human males is discussed using published data on effects of testosterone and estradiol on sperm production in the rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey, ram, stallion, and humans. This analysis indicates that calculation of the dose of testosterone that reduces human sperm counts by a given percentage is best done using the dose administered to laboratory animals expressed on the basis of body weight, as opposed to some other parameter such as body surface area. A sur...
Godovac-Zimmermann J, Conti A, James L, Napolitano L.The complete primary structure of donkey beta-lactoglobulin I was determined by pulsed-liquid phase microsequencing of tryptic peptides. The protein has been isolated in monomeric form and it corresponds to monomeric beta-lactoglobulin of type I. With the inclusion of donkey beta-lactoglobulin I there are 13% common residues amongst the members of the beta-lactoglobulin family. Donkey beta-lactoglobulin I is homologous to the retinol-binding protein, bilin-binding protein and five other proteins belonging to the new superfamily of hydrophobic molecule transporters. A rapid method for peptide i...
Weidolf LO, Lee ED, Henion JD.Sulfoconjugated anabolic steroids were separated by micro-bore high-performance liquid chromatography. The eluent was introduced into the atmospheric pressure ion source of the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer via an ion spray liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface operated in the negative ion mode. The limit of detection was 10 pg on-column by selected ion monitoring of the molecular ion and the response increased linearly over a concentration range of 2.4 orders of magnitude. Following work-up by a liquid-solid extraction procedure of equine urine samples, full-scan daughter ion...
Morris DL, Taylor DH, Daniels D, Riley EM, Richards KS.Ovine and equine protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus were cultured for 26 days with our without praziquantel and viability assessed, by eosin exclusion, for cultures in various drug concentrations (50, 250 and 500 micrograms/l) and periods of exposure (1, 3 or 7 days (d] before removing/'rescuing' to drug-free medium. Drug efficacy was proportional to drug concentration and to length of exposure. At higher drug concentrations shorter exposures were required to produce the effect of continuous drug treatment, 1d therapy at 500 micrograms/l killing 96% ovine protoscoleces by day 14 whereas ...
O'Rourke K, Perryman LE, McGuire TC.Equine infectious anaemia virus is related by genome sequence homology to human immunodeficiency virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and visna virus. Failure of the host to mount a strong neutralizing response detectable in vitro or to eliminate persistent infection in vivo characterizes lentivirus infections in the natural host. In this study the specificities and neutralizing activity of antibodies induced during experimental infection with equine infectious anaemia virus were investigated using antiviral ELISA, radioimmunoprecipitation and neutralization assays. ELISA antibody titre...
Brown SA, Barsanti JA.A quantitative buffy coat (QBC) analysis was evaluated for 175 canine, 125 feline, and 125 equine blood samples. The method used centrifuged whole blood and yielded rapid results expressed as respective band lengths for RBC, granulocytes, nongranulocytes, and platelets. Simple regression analysis of band lengths and reference laboratory methods yielded correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.72 to 0.99. The PCV, granulocyte count, and total WBC count, as determined by the 2 methods, correlated well (r greater than or equal to 0.93 in all cases). Platelet and nongranulocyte counts were less...
Muccioli G, Bellussi G, Ghé C, Pagnini G, Di Carlo R.The binding of 125I-labeled ovine prolactin (125I-oPRL) to membranes from different brain regions of pigeon, rabbit, rat, pig, calf, horse, and ewe was studied. The hypothalamus from rabbit, pig, horse, and pigeon showed a low but specific binding for 125I-oPRL clearly different from the other brain regions examined (cortex and cerebellum), whereas in the brain from rat, calf, and ewe the binding was very small and quite uniform in the various regions. Also the membranes from choroid plexus of rabbit, pig, calf, and horse showed an evident specific binding for prolactin. The binding of 125I-oP...
Bridges CG, Ledger N, Edington N.Ponies, without evidence of previous exposure to Equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1), were experimentally infected with EHV-1 subtype 2 and investigated for lymphocyte transformation to virus-infected cell polypeptides, as shown by separation with gel electrophoresis. Animals made significant responses to Western blot fractions that corresponded to molecular weights of approximately 30,000, 40,000-45,000, 60,000-65,000, 80,000-95,000 and 100,000-140,000 MW. These molecular weight ranges correlated with the positions of major EHV-1 subtype 2 glycoproteins that were found at migration distances approx...
McDonald J, Gall R, Wiedenbach P, Bass VD, DeLeon B, Brockus C, Stobert D, Wie S, Prange CA, Ozog FJ.A one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for morphine was evaluated as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for narcotic analgesics in racing horses. This ELISA test is very sensitive to morphine with an I-50 for morphine of about 400 pg/ml. The test is also rapid, and ten samples, a normal pre-race complement, can be analyzed in about thirty minutes. The test can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. The test readily detects the presence of morphine or its metabolites in equine blood for up to six hours after administration of sub-therapeutic d...
Sponenberg DP, Ito S, Eng LA, Schwink K.Hair samples of various colors of horses were analyzed for content of both eumelanin and pheomelanin by a procedure using high performance liquid chromatography. The results are in accord with generally accepted genetic hypotheses accounting for the various colors. However, the results support the hypothesis that the chestnut/sorrel group of colors is conditioned by the extension locus, not the brown locus. The results also indicate that the brown locus is a likely contributor to some rare color phenotypes.
Potempa J, Korzus E, Silberring J, Dubin A.1. Noncatalytic protein component (NPC), a strongly acidic protein (pH = 4.5) was separated from native horse leucocyte elastase 1. 2. This protein reduces elastinolytic properties of elastases: 1 and 2A probably by decreasing their isoelectric points. 3. A possible regulatory role of this protein may be inferred from a higher affinity of elastase 1 to NPC rather than to elastin.
Soma LR, Sams R, Duer W, Tobin T, Woodward C, McDonald J.The plasma and serum concentrations of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and oxyphenbutazone were measured in 158 Thoroughbred horses after various doses of PBZ wer given. All horses were competing or training at racetracks in various parts of the country. All horses used in the study had not been given PBZ 24 hours before they were placed on a specific dosage schedule. Samples were collected 24 hours after the last PBZ administration. Four grams of PBZ were given daily by stomach tube, paste, or tablet for 3 days. On day 4, 24 hours before sample collection, an IV dose of 2 g of PBZ was given, regardless ...
Hu WG, Chau D, Wong C, Masri SA, Fulton RE, Nagata LP.The genes encoding envelope proteins E1 and E2 of western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) were respectively cloned into a prokaryotic T7 RNA polymerase-regulated expression vector. The recombinant C-terminal 6xHis-tagged WEEV E1 and E2 were expressed in bacteria as inclusion bodies that were subsequently solubilized with 8M urea, purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and finally refolded using an arginine system. The purified 6xHis-tagged proteins showed 50kDa bands as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, consistent with the expected size...
Hornyák A, Dénes B, Szeredi L, Dencsö L, Rusvai M.Two monoclonal antibodies against the Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) were produced, and according to immunoperoxidase reaction following Western blot of electrophoresed EAV structural proteins, they recognized the nucleocapsid (N) protein antigen (14-kDa protein). Besides reacting with the blotted polypeptide, the antibodies of the two clones (designated 1H1 and 4G6) selected from 576 have shown high affinity and specificity to intracellular virus antigen as well. Both antibodies reacted with the representatives of the different subtypes of equine arteritis virus providing a su...
Hill AC, Polak-Vogelzang AA, Angulo AF.Acholeplasma strains were isolated from the nasopharynx of a horse (strain PN525T [T = type strain]) and the feces of a rabbit (strain B1). One clone of strain PN525T and one clone of strain B1 were examined in detail. These clones were indistinguishable from each other and were serologically distinct from the previously described Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma spp. The strains had the following properties: guanine-plus-cytosine content of 31 mol%; sterol was not required for growth, which occurred under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; glucose was metabolized; and arginine was hydrolyzed. ...
Faszer K, Draper D, Green JE, Morris GJ, Grout BW.A Stirling Cycle freezer has been developed as an alternative to conventional liquid nitrogen controlled rate freezers. Horse semen samples were cooled in 0.25 ml straws and 15 ml bags in the Stirling Cycle freezer under laboratory conditions and as a portable device, powered from a car battery. For comparison, straws were frozen in a conventional liquid nitrogen controlled rate freezer. Upon thawing, motility and viability of samples frozen in the Stirling Cycle freezer were not significantly different when compared to samples frozen in the liquid nitrogen freezer. Unlike liquid nitrogen syst...
van Maanen C, Vreeswijk J, Moonen P, Brinkhof J, de Boer-Luijtze E, Terpstra C.Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV1). Two appeared type-specific, while the other eight were directed against epitopes common to both EHV1 and EHV4. Two MAbs directed against the glycoprotein gp2 recognized linear epitopes, as demonstrated by Western blotting. With pools of type-specific MAbs, 282 field isolates were typed in an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). From a total of 254 fetal or neonatal isolates, 244 (96%) were typed as EHV1, whereas 14 out of 15 (93%) respiratory tract isolates were typed as EHV4. Surprisingly, 3 out of 1...
Wang CC, Hartmann-Fischbach P, Krueger TR, Wells TL, Feineman AR, Compton JC.Dermorphin and HYP(6) -dermorphin are hepta-peptides and natural opioids originally isolated from the skin of South American frogs. They are more potent than morphine but less likely to produce drug tolerance and addiction. These properties make them ideal candidates for the doping of racehorses to enhance performance during competition. Dermorphin was recently classified as a Class I drug by Racing Commissioners International (RCI), indicating that it is a banned substance in equine athletes. To enforce this ban, a fast and sensitive method was developed for dermorphin and HYP(6)-dermorphin a...
Westermarck E, Lindberg LA, Sandholm M.A sensitive gel-diffusion assay for determination of phospholipase A was developed. PLA standards, serum, faecal and pancreas homogenate samples with PLA-activity were allowed to diffuse from wells into agar-gels containing lecithin-membranes. The turbidity cleared radially upon PLA-activity. The diameters of the cleared zones showed a linear relationship with the log of the enzyme concentration. Serum samples resulted in some turbidity within the cleared zones. This interference originating from serum lipoproteins could be abolished by hydrophobic absorption. The gel-diffusion method was comp...
Amerault TE, Frerichs WM, Stiller D.An agglutinating antigen and a rapid card test (CT) for equine piroplasmosis was developed. The antigen for the CT was prepared from lyophilized Babesia caballi complement-fixation (CF) antigen. Serum and plasma samples for testing were obtained from known B caballi-infected horses and clinically normal horses maintained at the laboratory. Serum samples also were obtained from horses outside the continental United States, in areas where piroplasmosis is endemic. Comparative CT and CF tests were done on all samples. The CT correctly identified 85% of 192 plasma samples from known infected and n...
Esposito M, Astolfo A, Cipiccia S, Jones CM, Savvidis S, Ferrara JD, Endrizzi M, Dudhia J, Olivo A.Microscopic imaging of cartilage is a key tool for the study and development of treatments for osteoarthritis. When cellular and sub-cellular resolution is required, histology remains the gold standard approach, albeit limited by the lack of volumetric information as well as by processing artifacts. Cartilage imaging with the sub-cellular resolution has only been demonstrated in the synchrotron environment. Objective: To provide a proof-of-concept demonstration of the capability of a laboratory-based x-ray phase-contrast microscope to resolve sub-cellular features in a cartilage sample. Meth...
Kadir FH, al-Massad FK, Fatemi SJ, Singh HK, Wilson MT, Moore GR.Reactions of reduced horse spleen ferritin with horse and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferricytochromes c, cow ferricytochrome b5, sperm-whale metmyoglobin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ferricytochrome c-551 were investigated by u.v.-visible spectrophotometry. In all cases the reduced ferritin reduced the ferrihaemoproteins. The rate of reduction varied from less than 0.2 M-1.s-1 for metmyoglobin to 1.1 x 10(3) M-1.s-1 for horse ferricytochrome c (0.1 M-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 25 degrees C). We conclude that the mechanism of ferrihaemoprotein reduction involves long-range electron transfer throu...
Makhaeva GF, Iankovskaia VL, Kovaleva NV, Fetisov VI, Malygin VV, Torgasheva NA, Khaskin BA.The interaction kinetics of potential pesticides, O,O-dialkyl S-bromomethylthiophosphates (RO)2P(O) SCH2Br (R = Et, i-Pr, n-Pr, n-Bu, or n-Am) with acetylcholinesterase, butyryl cholinesterase, and carboxyl esterase from warm-blooded animals was studied. All the compounds irreversibly inhibit these esterases, with k1 (M-1 min-1) being 1.8 x 10(4) - 1.9 x 10(6) for acetylcholinesterase, 2.0 x 10(6) - 4.1 x 10(7) for the more sensitive butyryl cholinesterase, and 2.3 x 10(7) - 2.3 x 10(8) and higher for the most sensitive carboxyl esterase. By using the Hansch and Kubinyi technique of multiple r...
Chang Y, Maylin GM, Matsumoto G, Neades SM, Catlin DH.Methods have been developed to screen for and confirm darbepoetin alfa, recombinant human EPO, and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin β (PEG-epoetin β) in horse plasma. All three methods screen samples with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirm by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This report focuses on PEG-epoetin β. The ELISA assay was able to detect PEG-epoetin β at 0.02 ng/mL in 50 µL of horse plasma. Many samples had high background levels of immunoreactivity; however, introducing polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) into the samples before...
Eckers C, Skrabalak DS, Henion J.We describe an integrated micro-liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer (micro-LC/MS) system capable of performing routine determinations for 1--10 ng of drugs and their metabolites extracted from biological fluids. The micro-LC is constructed from conventional "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic instrumentation by using commercially available components. The mass spectrometer is operated in the chemical ionization mode. The direct liquid introduction micro-LC/MS interface can be constructed from commercially available materials. Chromatographic and mass spectral results demonstrate the a...
Reimann HA.It is conceivable that a change from the virulent, non-phagocytable S form of Pneumococcus to the avirulent phagocytable R form may take place in pneumococcus disease, but the experiments here reported do not settle the question whether or not this is an important factor in determining the outcome in natural infection. It has been shown experimentally that the degradation from the S form to the R form actually does take place in cultures of Pneumococcus growing in agar subcutaneously embedded in guinea pigs, in agar enclosed in vials subcutaneously embedded in rabbits, and spontaneously in the...
Jemmerson R, Margoliash E.Of the antigenic determinants so far identified for cytochrome c, only one involves more than a single amino acid substitution between the immunogen and host proteins. Both a threonine at position 89 and a glutamic acid at position 92 control one of the three antigenic sites identified in horse cytochrome c, as expressed in rabbits. Three antibody subpopulations, all directed against this region of the molecule, were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit by adsorption on a series of insolubilized cytochromes c. Antibody fluorescence quenching titrations with a variety of cytochromes c wer...
Wang Z, Robinson NE, Yu M.This study was conducted to determine the effects of stimulation parameters and muscle preload on acetylcholine (ACh) release induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of horse airway cholinergic nerves. Trachealis strip bundles were prepared and suspended in 2-ml tissue baths. The tissues were stimulated three to five times for 30 min each. Increasing frequency (0.5-16 Hz) and voltage (5-20 V) increased ACh release; increasing pulse duration (0.5-3 ms) had only a minor effect. Alterations in muscle preload (2-20 g) had no effect on ACh release. ACh release was fairly constant for up to fi...
Betton JM, Desmadril M, Mitraki A, Yon JM.The unfolding-refolding transition of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase induced by guanidine hydrochloride was studied under equilibrium conditions using four different signals: fluorescence intensity at 336 nm, UV difference absorbance at 286 and 292 nm, ellipticity at 220 nm, and enzyme activity. From the following arguments, we found that the process deviates from a two-state model and intermediates are significantly populated even at equilibrium: (1) the noncoincidence of the transition curves and (2) the asymmetry of the transition curve obtained from CD measurements. From these differ...
Jonckheere JA, Thienpont LM, De Leenheer AP, De Backer P, Debackere M, Belpaire FM.A method has been developed for quantification of bromhexine in plasma using gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. A deuterium labelled analogue was synthesized and used as the internal standard. To evaluate the gas chromatographic electron capture detection method described earlier, 23 plasma samples have been analysed by both techniques. Although a good correlation was shown, selected ion monitoring was superior to the electron capture detection method for levels below 3 ng ml-1. The mass spectrometric method has also been used to set up a pharmacokinetic study o...
Baj A, Beltramini GA, Romano M, Lauritano D, Gaudio RM, Palmieri A, Cura F, Giannì AB.BIOPAD® is an ivory-white soft sponge, made exclusively of lyophilized type I native heterologous collagen extracted from horse flexor tendon, gelatine free, that keeps its native structure specific to the body’s skin tissue. BIOPAD® is an active dressing, playing an active role in all stages of wound healing process, stimulating granulation tissue growth and enhancing regeneration tissues. It ensures balance between absorption and humidity at wound surface, gaseous exchange of soft tissues during healing process, barrier to prevent bacterial infections and it is completely non-adherent. T...
HARDY FM, ARBITER D.Hardy, Frank M. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and David Arbiter. Lipid inclusions in L cells associated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J. Bacteriol. 89:1101-1103. 1965.-Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus has been shown to induce changes of lipid components within the L cell. Lipid inclusions in the form of dark granular bodies were observed in the L cell after aqueous osmium tetroxide fixation and Sudan black staining. Microscopic examination of cells as early as 8 hr after infection with VEE virus showed an increase in the concentration of these inclu...
Peters GJ, Oosterhof A, Veerkamp JH.1. Activity of uridine kinase was very low in ovine lymphocytes and in those of some pigs. Lymphocytes of other pigs showed a significantly higher activity of this enzyme. Activity of uridine kinase in lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle was intermediate. 2. Activity of uridine phosphorylase was higher than that of uridine kinase with lymphocytes of all species. 3. Activity of uridine kinase in equine lymphocytes increases at PHA-stimulation and also in porcine lymphocytes with a low activity at the start of the culture. Activity of uridine kinase decreased in porcine lymphocytes with a high ...
Das SC, Kapoor KN.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of growth medium on expression of hydrophobicity of Staphylococcus epidermidis. A total of 24 hydrophobic isolates of S. epidermidis, determined by n-hexadecane adherence assay (HAA) earlier were included. Five different growth media: horse blood agar (HBA), brain heart infusion agar (BHIA), brain heart infusion broth (BHIB), tryptic soy broth (TSB) and proteose peptone broth (PPB) were used. All 24 isolates exhibited the reproducible hydrophobicity when grown on HBA; however, 20 (83.33%), 19 (79.16%), 15 (62.50%) and 13 (54.16%) isolates...
Jones CJ, Enders AC, Wooding FP, Dantzer V, Leiser R, Stoddart RW.Using lectin histochemistry on plastic-embedded material, the glycosylation patterns of equine girdle and cup cells, and associated endometrial glands, have been investigated from 37 to 67 days gestation. Results were compared with the glycosylation of the 50-day allantochorionic trophoblast of the established equine placenta that will later form the microcotyledons. The differentiated cup cells, which secrete equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), showed a pattern of glycosylation that was distinct both from the progenitor girdle cells and the allantochorionic trophoblast, with granules that bo...
Freeman DA, Butler JE, Weber JA, Geary RT, Woods GL.Oviductal and uterine embryos were collected from mares at 5 to 7 days following ovulation 1) to evaluate the effects of oviductal tissue explants on in vitro growth and development of equine embryos and 2) to study the morphologic development of equine embryos in culture. Embryos were incubated for 5 days in a medium (control group) or in medium supplemented with oviductal tissue explants (co-culture group). Embryos were evaluated and the media changed daily. Following 5 days in culture, 10 10 (100%) control embryos and 27 29 (93%) co-cultured embryos had doubled in diameter. All embryos that...
Fukushi N, Badr Y, Fukushi H.Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) UL11 is a 74-amino-acid (aa) protein encoded by ORF51. UL11 is modified by acylation including myristoylation and palmitoylation. Myristoylation of EHV-1 UL11 is assumed to occur on the N-terminal glycine, while palmitoylation is assumed to occur on the seventh and ninth cysteines. ORF51, which encodes the first 24 aa, overlaps ORF50 encoding UL12. We previously demonstrated that UL11 was essential for EHV-1 replication in cultured cells and that UL11 was localized at the Golgi apparatus where herpesviruses obtain their final envelope. It is unclear whether th...
Lagares MA, Martins HS, Carvalho IA, Oliveira CA, Souza MR, Penna CF, Cruz BC, Stahlberg R, Henry MR.Extenders with a defined composition containing only components with clearly protective effects on sperm during storage would be an advantage. The aims of the present work were to assess whether caseinate, improves cooled and frozen equine semen quality. Semen from six stallions were suspended with four different cooling extenders C1) Kenney extender; C2) 0.6 % caseinate; C3) 2.7 % caseinate ; and C4) C1 + 2.1 % caseinate, and frozen extenders: F1) INRA 82 extender; F2) 1.35 % caseinate; and F3) 2.7 % caseinate. Although there was no significant difference between the motility rate among the c...
Du J, Eddington N.A sensitive and selective HPLC method for the determination of the disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate in horse and dog plasma was validated. Chondroitin sulfate is degraded by chondroitinase ABC to three primary unsaturated disaccharides, (1) 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose, (2) 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-4-O-sulfo-D-galactose, and (3) 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-6-O-sulfo-D-galactose, when treated with chondroitinase. Plasma samples (0.5 ml) were treated with 50 mU of chon...
Guillot J, Sarfati J, Ribot X, Jensen HE, Latgé JP.To detect antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in serum samples from horses and to evaluate the relevance of this method as an alternative approach to the diagnosis of mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch mycosis [GPM]). Methods: Twelve clinically normal horses (controls) and 12 horses with GPM diagnosed by endoscopic observation of characteristic mycotic plaques. Methods: Antibodies to A fumigatus antigens were detected in serum by use of an ELISA and immunoblot analysis with extracellular antigens. Results: Antibodies against A fumigatus antigens were found ...
Pinaud MA, Roser JF, Dybdal N.In vitro responsiveness of the horse anterior pituitary (AP) gonadotropes to single and multiple GnRH challenges was examined. The pituitaries were collected from reproductively sound mares in estrus (n = 5) and diestrus (n = 5). Uniform 0.5 mm AP slices were subdivided using a 3 mm biopsy punch and then bisected for use in the perifusion chamber. Four bisected sections per chamber were perifused at 0.5 ml/min at 37 C for 560 min in Medium 199 saturated with 95% 0(2)/5% CO2. Ten minute fractions were collected after an initial 2 hr equilibration period. Four different treatment regimes of GnRH...
