Laboratory methods in equine research encompass a variety of techniques and procedures used to analyze biological samples from horses to study health, disease, genetics, and physiology. These methods include hematological analyses, biochemical assays, molecular biology techniques, and microbiological cultures. Commonly utilized laboratory techniques involve blood tests for complete blood count (CBC) and serum chemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genetic and infectious disease studies, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detecting specific proteins or antibodies. These methods provide valuable data that contribute to understanding equine health and disease mechanisms. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the application, development, and outcomes of laboratory methods in the context of equine research.
Evenberg A, Meyer H, Verheij HM, de Haas GH.Two phospholipases A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) with different isoelectric points have been isolated from horse pancreas in high yield (880 mg/kg tissue). From pancreatic juice the more acidic species was isolated as the sole phospholipase A2. Upon tryptic activation the zymogens release a hepta- and pentapeptide, respectively from the N-terminal part of the protein giving rise to the formation of one single enzyme with a specific activity higher than that of pancreatic phospholipases A2 from other mammalian species. Horse phospholipase A2 differs from the porcine and bovine enzymes with respect to amino a...
Schubert B.Some chromatographic procedures, which can be used to detect and determine certain corticosteroids in samples from race horses, are described. These procedures include thin-layer, gas and high pressure liquid chromatography.
Mitchell KF, Karush F, Morgan DO.The heterogeneity of the IgM response has been studied with anti-lactose antibody purified from the sera of seven horses. The IgM antibody was induced with a bacterial vaccine and the sera were obtained during a one-year period of immunization. L and H chain preparations were derived from separate bleedings of each horse and examined by analytical isoelectric focusing. All of the L chain preparations were complex and similar and, under optimum conditions, exhibited about 45 bands. Their similarity included almost identical concentration distributions over the entire pH gradient. Isoelectric ba...
Gaskin JM, Neal FC, Rubin HL.Precipitin lines not associated with equine infectious anemia (EIA) were observed in routine agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) testing for the infection. The serums which produced these lines were obtained from horses which had been given multiple vaccinations with commercially available cell culture-origin equine virus vaccines as part of a comprehensive herd health program. The lines formed against cell culture-derived, but not spleen-derived EIA viral antigens. Investigation revealed that bovine serum proteins in the vaccines induced precipitating antibodies which reacted with bovine serum pr...
Kimball FA, Wyngarden LJ.Preliminary studies indicate the presence of PGF2alpha specific binding sites in membrane fractions prepared from equine corpora lutea. The equilibrium binding data indicate an apparent dissociation constant of 3.2 X 10(-9)M and the concentration of binding sites of -0.1 pmoles/mg membrane protein. Competition of several natural prostaglandins for equine luteal PGF2alpha specific binding sites indicates specificity for the 9alpha-hydroxyl moiety and the 5,6-cis doublebond. Significant increases in relative binding affinities were demonstrated for PGF2alpha analogs with a phenyl ring introduced...
Evenberg A, Meyer H, Gaastra W, Verheij HM, De Haas GH.The complete amino acid sequence of phosphlipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) from horse pancreas was determined. The protein controls of a single polypeptide chain of 125 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 13,927. The chain is crosslinked by seven disulfide bridges. The sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of the intact protein and several of the large peptide fragments. Smaller peptides were analyzed by manual Edman degradation. Fragmentation of the peptide chain was accomplished by enzymatic digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thermolysin. The final overlap was found by di...
Kang CH, Ferguson-Miller S, Margoliash E.1. The steady state kinetics for the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by yeast cytochrome c peroxidase are biphasic under most conditions. The same biphasic kinetics were observed for yeast iso-1, yeast iso-2, horse, tuna, and cicada cytochromes c. On changing ionic strength, buffer anions, and pH, the apparent Km values for the initial phase (Km1) varied relatively little while the corresponding apparent maximal velocities varied over a much larger range. 2. The highest apparent Vmax1 for horse cytochrome c is attained at relatively low pH (congruent to 6.0) and low ionic strength (congruent to...
Sakura JD, Rupley JA.Reaction of horse methemoglobin with O-methylisourea at pH 10.2 results in 95% conversion of lysine residues to homoarginine. Analysis of the chymotryptic peptides showed that no single ϵ-amino group was unreactive. Guanidination decreases the dependence of the sedimentation coefficient on hydrogen ion concentration in the range of pH 8 to 11 and did not affect the dependence on protein concentration at pH 7. These results support the conclusion that the lysine side chains involved in subunit contacts have sufficient freedom to accommodate the small changes in bulk and geometry associated wit...
Holley DC, Evans JW.Total and ultrafilterable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) values were determined for Shetland pony stallions, stallions, and pregnant and diestrous mares, using a simple, inexpensive, quick procedure to obtain an ultrafiltrate of serum. There was no significant difference between horses and ponies, between stallions and mares, or between pregnant and nonpregnant mares. The percentage of total serum Ca that was ultrafilterable was 63.4+/-1.7 for horses and 64.8+/-2.2 for ponies. The percentage of total serum Mg that was ultrafilterable was 75.6+/-1.5 for horses and 77.0+/-1.7 for ponies. Total ...
Lauer BH, Baker BE.Casein was isolated from the milks of the following species: cow, horse, pig, reindeer, caribou, moose, harp seal, musk-ox, polar bear, dall sheep, and fin whale. The caseins were subjected to acid hydrolysis, the resultant amino acids were converted to their n-butyl-N-trifluoroacetyl esters, and the amino acid composition of the caseins was determined by gas chromatographic analysis of these esters. Notable among the results was the close similarity, with respect to amino acid composition, of reindeer and caribou caseins. The results of the amino acid analyses of the other caseins are present...
Daurat-Larroque ST, Portuguez ME, Santomé JA.Bovine and equine growth hormones were chemically modified with tetranitromethane, at pH 7.4 during 5 h and at pH 8.0 in the presence of 8 M urea during 1 h. a) Both hormones have very similar but not identical reactivities. b) The nitration of the reactive tyrosines and tryptophan residues at pH 7.4 produces no detectable changes in their immunological or somatotrophic activities. C) The nitration of all tyrosine residues in both hormones gives rise to a complete loss of somatographic activity with no alteration of the immunological activity.
Allen GP, O'Callaghan DJ, Randall CC.Infection of cells with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) or type 3 (EHV-3) resulted in the induction of a DNA polymerase activity distinguishable from host cell DNA polymerases by its high salt requirement for maximal activity. By column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DNA-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxyapatite, the EHV-1-induced polymerase was purified 500-fold with 1–2% recovery of total activity from the nuclei of infected hamster livers. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Calculations based ...
Carlson GP, Harrold DR.A highly significant correlation between the water content and protein concentration of equine serum and plasma samples was demonstrated over a wide range of concentrations. A close correlation was also observed between protein concentration as estimated by refractometry and as determined by the biuret procedure for equine serum and plasma samples.
Borin G, Filippi B, Cavaggion F, Marchiori F.A solution synthesis is described of the partially protected N alpha-benzyloxycarbonylheptadecapeptide Z-Lys (Tfa)-Thr-Glu-Arg-Glu-Asp-Leu-Ile-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Lys (Tfa)-Lys (Tfa)-Ala-Thr-Asn-Glu (OBu t)-OBu t corresponding to sequence 88-104 of horse heart cytochrome c. The synthesis is achieved through the preparation of two subunits H1 (sequence 88-96) and H2 (sequence 97-104) and their linkage by an azide coupling step.
Wilks CR.The immune response in horses following experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was assessed by measuring cytotoxicity for EHV-1-infected target cells. A technique was developed, using [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine ([125I]IUDR)-labeled equine fetal kidney cells infected with EHV-1 as the target cells. It was shown that peripheral blood leukocytes from a recovered horse were capable of lysing target cells, as measured by the loss of radio-active label. Following the experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free ponies with EHV-1, cytotoxicity was obtained with fresh auto...
Methods in enzymologyJanuary 1, 1977
Volume 46 516-523 doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(77)46062-2
Gopalakrishnan PV, Zimmerman UJ, Karush F.Affinity labeling studies with anticarbohydrate antibodies have been very limited. In earlier studies, diazoniumphenyl glycosides were employed as affinity labeling reagents for rabbit and equine anti-p-azophenyl-β-lactoside and p-azophenyl- β-galactoside antibodies. Although these antibodies were heterogeneous, it was possible to identify the labeled residues in the heavy or light chains since the modified residues had characteristic absorption spectra. With the discovery of bacterial cell walls of Streptococcus groups A and C induced antipolysaccharide antibodies of restricted heterogeneit...
Borin G, Filippi B, Stivanello D, Marchiori F.A solution synthesis of Z-Gly-Thr-Lys (Tfa)-Met-Ile-Phe-Ala-Gly-Ile-Lys (Tfa)-Lys (Tfa)-NHNH-Boc corresponding to the sequence 77-87 of horse heart cytochrome c is described. The protected undecapeptide was obtained from intermediate hepta- and tetrapeptide fragments by an azide coupling.
Weiland F, Matheka HD, Coggins L, Hatner D.Morphological studies of EIAV reveal knobs on the surface of the particles, conically and tubularly shaped cores, budding particles with dense crescents directly underlying the plasma membrane, and distinct intracytoplasmic structures in infected cells.
Yu DT, Gale RP, Kacena A, Pearson CM.Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and horse red blood cells could be promoted by a low pH medium, overnight incubation and a temperature of 4 degrees C. The percent of sheep, horse and human rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood were 71.7 +/- 1.8, 30.5 +/- 2.8 and 28.3 +/- 3.4 respectively. However, their percentages in thymuses were 97.1 +/- 1.1, 91.4 +/- 2.4 and 89.0 +/- 3.4. Using preparations of isolated subpopulations, it was observed that the horse and human red cell rosette-forming cells were probably also "early" sheep red cell rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation...
Goranov Kh.The alkaline phosphatase enzyme, isolated by Morton's method from leukocytes of sheep, goats, and pigs gave after agarose elctrophoresis two isoenzyme fractions moving to the positive pole at the sites of the alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of the blood serum. In bovine leukocytes, besides these two fractions there was a third one that moved more slowly in the zone of the beta-globulins. In horses the alkaline phosphatase of leukocytes produced a wide band within the zones of the beta-globulins and the albumins. It was established that the proportion between the individual isoenzyme fractions o...
Melnick JL, Schmidt NJ, Hampil B, Ho HH.This paper describes the preparation of seven combination pools of equine antisera, designated J though P, for identification of 19 coxsackievirus A immunotypes. Each pool is composed of 4 to 6 antisera; the serotypes included are A1-6, 8, 10-15, and 17-22. These pools, unlike the previously prepared A-H enterovirus pools, were lyophilized from volumes of 0.5 ml dispensed into 5-ml vials, and when rehydrated with 5 ml of diluent provide 50-antibody-unit material ready for use in identification tests without further dilution. Procedures for using the antiserum pools are given, and guidance is p...
Mennella MR, Jones MR.The activity of 5'-nucleotidase (EC 1.3.5), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (EC 2.1.4.17), non-specific phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1) and ribonuclease (EC 1.7.7.16)has been investigated in the seminal plasma of whole semen and in the secretions of the seminal vesicle, prostate and epididymis of the bull, boar, ram, stallion, jackass, rabbit and man. Bull seminal plasma showed the highest activity for 5'-nucleotidase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and ribonuclease; in contrast, stallion and jackass semen were very poor in these enzymes. Ram, rabbit and boar seminal plasma showed inte...
Hubbard CD, Shoupe TS.A transient phase for the hydrolysis of indophenyl acetate by the commercial preparation of horse serum cholinesterase was observed on a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. It was found that the transient process is a reaction of the ester with a major component of the preparation and is not caused by the serum cholinesterase enzyme. This noncholinesterase component was isolated and the dependence of its concentration and that of the ester upon the transient liberation of the indophenolate ion were determined. Studies with the isolated component and subsequent analyses have led to the tentative id...
Ek N.The Pr protein, which is one of the major equine acidic prealbumins and which consists of a large number of phenotypes, has been studied with regard to its chemical identity. Serum samples of known Pr phenotype which had been treated with varying amounts of bovine trypsin were subjected to starch gel electrophoresis at pH 4.8. When a certain amount of trypsin was used, the Pr protein was markedly affected, whereas the other acidic prealbumins retained their normal electrophoreitic pattern. Extracts from three different regions of the acidic prealbumin field were tested by the casein precipitat...
Johnson AD, Eddy GA, Gangemi JD, Ramsburg HH, Metzger JF.Primary cell cultures, a continuous cell line, and a diploid cell line were grown on an artificial capillary system. The cells were subsequently infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and viral replication was studied. Extracellular fluids harvested from this system contained high titers of virus and were relatively free of cell debris.
Richards KS, Ilderton E, Yardley HJ.Lipids extracted from the laminated layers of horse liver and lung hydatids, including a daughter liver cyst, were analysed using TLC. No differences in lipid composition was detected in 11 liver cysts, whether from the same or different livers, and di- and triacylglycerols, cholesterol, wax and steryl esters, oleic acid, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and ceramide hexosides were detected. The daughter cyst differed from its "parent" cyst in lacking diacylglycerols and wax and steryl esters. The lung cyst differed from the liver cysts in that cholesterol, wax and st...
Li JL, Shi YF, Bu RQ, Mang L.Restriction endonucleases, namely BamH I, Taq I, Hae III, Rsa I and Hinc II, were used to analyze the polymorphism of partial mtDNA Cytb gene sequences from 256 horses 6 types (Thoroughbred, Sanhe, Wuzhumuqin, Xinihe, Wushen and Pony) including the imported breed, cultivated breed and local breed. The products of endonuclease digestion were run on 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by silver staining. Results indicated BamH I and Taq I polymorphism. In all 7 restriction patterns were defected that could be sorted into 3 haplotypes, of which haplotypes I and III w...
Kriegshäuser G, Cullinane A, Kuechler E, Skern T.Equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1), genus Erbovirus, family Picornaviridae, is a pathogen of horses which causes clinical and subclinical infection of the upper respiratory tract in horses. The virus is widespread in European horse populations and the current standard method for the detection of antibody against ERBV1 is by virus neutralisation (VN). VN tests, however, are labour-intensive and time-consuming, require tissue culture facilities, and generally do not provide same-day results. In this study, a protocol for the high-level expression and purification of recombinant virion protein 1 (...
el Hasnaoui H, el Harrak M, Tber A, Fikri A, Laghzaoui K, Bikour MH.An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique was used to screen and quantify antibodies against African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in equine sera. Results obtained with the IFA assay were compared directly with those obtained with standard complement fixation (CF) and virus neutralisation (VN) tests using horse sera from experimental studies and samples from the field. Positive fluorescent antibody titres were detected from as early as 7 days after primary vaccination and persisted for at least six months. The IFA technique offers a clear advantage over CF tests, where the antibodies are ...
Zorin NA, Rykov VA, Potekhin VK, Savinykh VI, Chirikova TS.Using disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immunochemical methods, studies have been made on proteins from the vitreous body of mammals (albino mouse, rat, guinea pig, pig, dog, cat), birds (hen), amphibians (the frog Rana ridibunda) and fish (the perch Perca fluviatilis). It was found that vitreous body proteins in man and animals include both the specific proteins and those of the blood serum. During evolution, specific antigens of the vitreous body attained strict species specificity, although some of them preserved the initial properties.
Nemoto M, Okita N, Kitahata M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kinoshita Y, Kambayashi Y, Cullinane A, Yamanaka T, Ohta M.A rapid and sensitive diagnostic method is needed to help prevent the spread of equine influenza virus. The cobas Influenza A/B & RSV test for the cobas Liat system (Roche Diagnostics) is based on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and is designed to broadly detect influenza A virus RNA within 20 minutes. It detected a broad range of equine influenza virus strains, and detected equine influenza virus RNA from nasal swabs of infected horses at the same level as real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, although it returned some invalid results (7.7%)...
Stanley SM.The metabolism and urinary excretion of a 100 mg dose of the non-sedating anxiolytic drug buspirone was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode. In addition to a significant proportion of unchanged buspirone we were able to detect three major metabolite classes. These were identified as monohydroxy, dihydroxy and dihydroxymethoxy products. Detection of the metabolites and the parent drug was possible in all the urine samples collected (1-12 h) post-administration.
Zhang J, Boyle MS, Smith CA, Moore HD.The acrosome of the stallion spermatozoon was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibody (18.6) which recognized an integral acrosomal membrane component. Localization was confirmed by electron microscopy using peroxidase labelled antibody. In fresh semen samples (n = 19), 73.9 +/- 9.1% of the spermatozoa from five fertile stallions displayed a uniform bright fluorescence over their acrosome region. In two semen samples from an infertile stallion only 28% and 35% of spermatozoa showed the same pattern of fluorescence. Spermatozoa from fertile stallions incubated for up ...
Sarkar P, McIntosh JM, Leavitt R, Gouthro H.Nimesulide is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug recently detected in equine blood and urine samples taken at the race track. The detection of the drug in a blood sample led to the identification of an unknown thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) spot in track urine samples as a metabolite of nimesulide. Characterization of the unknown TLC spot and comparison with the synthesized compound shows that the unknown TLC spot is a previously unreported equine metabolite of nimesulide. The metabolite was identified as resulting from the reduction of the nitro group on nimesulide to an amino group. Thi...
Khittoo G, Vermette L, Nappert G, Lariviere N.In mammalian species studied previously, pepsinogen consisted of biochemically different groups of isozymogens. By use of gel filtration chromatography and electrophoresis, we isolated a predominant pepsinogen from the gastric mucosa of a horse. Peptide mapping with V8 protease revealed differences with its porcine homologue. However, porcine and equine pepsinogens, when activated to pepsin, had a similar pattern of activity when hemoglobin was used as substrate. Those results suggest that differences must exist in the primary structure of the pepsinogens of the 2 species.
Kim Y, Seo C, Oh S, Kwak J, Jung S, Sin E, Kim H, Ji M, Lee HS, Park HJ, Lee G, Yu J, Kim M, Lee W, Paik MJ.The authors have retracted this article [1] because after publication they became aware that the equine urine samples analysed for loxoprofen in this study were in fact equine plasma samples. Therefore the results and conclusions of this article cannot be relied upon. All authors agree to this retraction.
Van den Berg JS.Clinically normal horses (n = 8) with ages ranging from 5 to 8 years, were starved for 12 h and their plasma ammonia concentrations were measured. The mean fasting plasma ammonia concentration was 17.8 +/- 3.8 mumol l-1. After dosing ammonium chloride at a dose rate of 0.02 g kg-1, there was a significant increase in plasma ammonia concentration, with a maximum rise after 20 min (P less than 0.05). To investigate the influence of temperature on plasma ammonia concentrations of stored samples, 8 plasma samples were stored at -20 degrees C and 4 degrees C respectively. The plasma ammonia concent...
Luther DG, Cox HU, Dimopoullos GT.Fatty acid composition of erythrocytes of healthy horses was determined. Three fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) were found in approximately equal quantities and comprised 72.17% of the total. Nine other fatty acids were found in small amounts. Saturated fatty acids constituted 67.2% of the total. Marked variation was demonstrated in the occurrence and distribution of fatty acids in the sterol ester, triglyceride, phospholipid, and free fatty acid fractions.
Pechacek D, Hwangbo M, Moreland R, Liu M, Ramsey J. 4s is a Gram-negative bacterium found in the equine intestinal ecosystem alongside diverse other coliform bacteria and bacteriophages. This announcement describes the complete genome of the T7-like 4s podophage Penshu1. From its 39,263-bp genome, 54 protein-encoding genes and a 179-bp terminal repeat were predicted.
Kihurani DO, Masake RA, Nantulya VM, Mbiuki SM.Following an outbreak of trypanosomosis in horses on a farm in Kenya, 18 trypanosome isolates were collected from the infected animals over a period of one and a half years and cryopreserved for characterization. The characterization was done on the basis of morphology using Giemsa-stained blood and buffy coat smears, infectivity to mice, recombinant DNA hybridization, and chromosome separation by orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis (OFAGE). Morphologically, all the trypanosome isolates were identified as belonging to the subgenus Nannomonas, and a total of 16 out of the 18 isolat...
De Ceulaer K, Van Ginneken C, Delesalle C, Van Brantegem L, Deprez P, Weyns A.This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of slaughterhouse-obtained small intestinal tissue as control material in equine colic research where molecular stress responses in small intestinal tissue are investigated. For this purpose, small intestinal samples from colic horses were collected during surgery or immediately after euthanasia at the oral border of strangulation resection sites and routinely processed for histopathology (i.c. rinsed with 4°C Krebs' solution, fixated overnight with 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde (FH) at room temperature). Control samples consisted of pieces of m...
Meistrich ML.The problem of extrapolating effects of reproductive toxins on experimental animals to predict the doses that would produce infertility in human males is discussed using published data on effects of testosterone and estradiol on sperm production in the rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey, ram, stallion, and humans. This analysis indicates that calculation of the dose of testosterone that reduces human sperm counts by a given percentage is best done using the dose administered to laboratory animals expressed on the basis of body weight, as opposed to some other parameter such as body surface area. A sur...
Stott ML, Osburn BI.Long-term equine lymphocyte cultures were initiated and maintained in continuous culture with medium containing recombinant human interleukin-2. Cultures were successfully maintained with lectin activation signals and recombinant human interleukin-2 or with recombinant human interleukin-2 alone. All cell cultures that were characterized had a T-lymphocyte phenotype and had lectin-dependent or -independent cytotoxicity directed to various cell types. These findings demonstrate that long-term equine T-lymphocytes cultures can be initiated and maintained easily.
Catena C, Asprea L, Carta S, Tortora G, Conti D, Parasacchi P, Righi E.We have investigated and compared DNA damage and cell killing induced in human and equine lymphocytes after in vitro X-irradiation. Our data show that the cytogenetic and the lethality effects are both greater in equine lymphocytes, but that the difference is wider for lethality. The ratios between doses inducing the same effect are 1.3, 1.7 and 9.4 for the number of binucleated cells with micronuclei, micronucleus frequency in binucleated cells and DNA synthesis inhibition, respectively. The very different radiosensitivity observed for the two mammalian species encourages us to use their lymp...
Freer H, Hillegas JM, Wimer C, Baldwin C, LaBresh J, Wagner B.Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a T cell growth factor and major modulator of T helper (Th) cell differentiation. Here, we have developed and characterized a monoclonal antibody to equine IL-2 (anti-IL-2 mAb, clone 158-1). The IL-2 mAb detected rIL-2 by ELISA, intracellular staining and flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting. The IL-2 mAb was also paired with a polyclonal IL-2 detection antibody in both ELISA and a fluorescent bead-based assay. When these two assays were compared using identical reagents there was an improved analytical sensitivity (46pg/ml) and wider linear quantification range...
Gregg AS, Jones RS, Snowdon SL.A fault in the assembly of a Matrix Large Animal Circle anaesthetic machine resulted in reversal of fresh gas flow through the vaporizer. The fault was discovered only after the sudden development of excessive depth of anaesthesia in two equine patients. Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the effect of flow reversal on vaporizer output. Results indicated that output concentration was approximately doubled under these conditions.
Suter M, Fey H.Horse IgE was isolated from a serum pool collected from foals naturally infected with endoparasites. The serum was precipitated with ammonium sulfate, delipidated with dextran sulfate and further purified by gel filtration, anionic exchange, immunosorption or preparative polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. By these methods IgE could be isolated at a purity of 81%. The sera from rabbits immunized with the purified horse serum fractions were tested using reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By the ELISA method cross reaction of rabbit anti horse...
Fischer A, Lechner J, Kraft W, Hirschberger J.The QBC is a centrifugal haematology system. Modified haematocrit capillaries are measured optically. The parameters haematocrit, total leukocyte count, relative and absolute values of granulocyte and lympho-/monocyte fractions, and total thrombocyte count are stated. The microhaematocrit method, the counting chamber, and the differential blood count are reference methods. Blood samples of the dog, cat and horse were used for the study. As a screening method the QBC analysis meets all requirements for the veterinary practice.
Leung GN, Tang FP, Wan TS, Wong CH, Lam KK, Stewart BD.This paper describes the application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for in vitro and in vivo studies of 6-OXO in horses, with a special aim to identify the most appropriate target metabolite to be monitored for controlling the administration of 6-OXO in racehorses. In vitro studies of 6-OXO were performed using horse liver microsomes. The major biotransformation observed was reduction of one keto group at the C3 or C6 positions. Three in vitro metabolites, namely 6alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (M1), 3alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-6,17-dione (M2a) and 3beta-hydroxyandrost-...
Pedroso RC, Salvadori MC, Andraus MH, Lopez NM.A chromatographic method was developed to detect and confirm the presence of succinonitrile (SDN) in horse urine samples, for antidoping control. The urine samples (5 ml) were extracted with diethyl ether and screened by gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detector and the confirmation of the drug's presence was accomplished by using gas chromatography-mass selective detection. The recovery of extraction was 78 and 81% for 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms ml-1 (relative standard deviation, < 10%), respectively. Urine samples collected after the administration of Energisan were positive for SDN (1-30 ...
Sharma OP.The concentrations of PGF-2alpha in the peripheral blood of five foaling mares were measured by radioimmunoassay. Low levels of PGF-2alpha were detected as early as 1 week before foaling in two of the mares. These levels increased steadily, reaching a peak (1-74 +/- 0-44 ng/ml) during fetal expulsion. A relatively high PGF-2alpha level was found in samples collected 60 min after foaling.
Johansson IM, Schubert B.Flunixin is determined in equine plasma by liquid chromatography on LiChrosorb RP-18 with 70% methanol in phosphate buffer pH 3.1 as the eluent, with detection at 284 nm. Plasma is deproteinized with methanol and the supernatant is then injected directly into the system. With a short pre-column (5 x 3 mm i.d.), which is replaced after 25-40 injections of sample, 420 plasma samples could be analysed on one analytical column. The detection limit in plasma is 0.30 micromol/l (89 ng/ml) and the method can be used in pharmacokinetic studies.
Rozanova SL, Rozanova ED, Nardid OA.Experimental data are presented which were obtained under comparative evaluation of influence of different freezing-thawing conditions on antioxidant properties of isolated proteins: human serum albumin, cytochrome c from the horse heart and glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. The observed protein antioxidant activity alterations are assumed to be a result of protein conformational changes. The character of freezing-thawing influence on the protein antioxidant activity depends on the molecular structure and cooling conditions.
Ledwozyw A, Jabłonka S, Tusińska E, Herbut M.The levels of endogenous heparin in the plasmas of horses, cows, sheep and pigs were determined with the use of synthetic chromogenic substrate benzoyl-isoleucyl-glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl-p-nitroanilide (S-2222). The lowest heparin concentrations were stated in cattle plasma, the highest ones in the plasma of pigs.
