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Topic:Physiology
The physiology of horses encompasses the study of the biological functions and processes that occur within the equine body. This includes the examination of various systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, digestive, and nervous systems. Understanding equine physiology is essential for comprehending how horses adapt to different environmental conditions, perform physical activities, and respond to health challenges. Research in this field often focuses on the mechanisms of energy metabolism, thermoregulation, and muscle function during exercise, as well as the physiological responses to stress and disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine physiology, providing insights into the biological processes that support the health and performance of horses.
Volume dilution of sodium thiocyanate as a measure of extracellular fluid volume in the horse. Volume dilution of sodium thiocyanate as a measure of extracellular fluid volume was determined in 24 normal adult horses and 4 ponies. The method employed yielded highly reproducible results on multiple determinations in individual horses. A highly significant (P less than .001) correlation between thiocyanate space and body weight was demonstrated.
Possible modification of scar tissue by biochemical methods. This paper reviews some of the biochemical modifications involved in fibrous tissue formation and discusses possible ways of controlling fibrosis in clinical conditions. The lathyritic agents, beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) and penicillamine, appear in certain situations to be able to control fibrosis by blocking the biosynthesis of collagen. There are no compounds that are yet known which are capable of reversing pre-existing fibrosis and future research may perhaps be more profitably directed towards the stimulation of collagen catabolism rather than the inhibition of its synthesis.
Oxygenation of pulmonary vein blood in conscious and anaesthetised ponies. Catheters were implanted through the left atrium into large veins drawing blood from regions of the diaphragmatic lobes in five ponies. Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in blood samples drawn through these catheters showed that in laterally recumbent conscious and anaesthetised animals the function of the lowermost lung is progressively impaired while in the supine position the function of both lungs is adversely affected.
Collagen in normal and abnormal tissues. Despite being a very widespread protein, collagen is an unusual molecule possessing a great tensile strength conferred by a rope-like structure and intermolecular crosslinks. Our current knowledge of the biosynthesis of collagen is providing some insights into certain diseases of connective tissue and is also helping us to understand the healing processes of wounds and diseased tissues.
Luteinizing hormone during sexual maturation in pony mares. Luteinizing hormone (LH) was quantified in pony mares during artificially induced sexual maturation. Ovarian follicular development was also assessed by rectal palpation of the ovaries. With the exception of large periovulatory LH concentrations in two mares that ovulated, LH concentrations were not significantly different in mares undergoing sexual maturation and thus having marked follicular development when compared with mares that were not undergoing sexual maturation and thus did not have marked follicular development. These results indicate a dissociation in time between the onset of fol...
A mechanistic model for butyrylcholinesterase. A plausible mechanism of action of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase is proposed. It includes substrate activation at the level of deacylation. The rate constant for the acylation of the enzyme appears to be much greater than the rate constant for the deacylation, at low substate concentrations. At higher substrate concentrations the rate constants become more similar. No interaction between the four subunits in binding of inhibitors or in the catalysis was observed. There is one esteratic and one anionic site per subunit apparent from labelling studies with [32P]diisopropylfluorophosphate and...
Insensitivity of the ferritin iron core to heat treatment. To test whether the reactivity of ferritin iron is affected by the heat treatment used in ferritin isolation, we prepared ferritin from the same horse spleen with or without heating. Both samples exhibited similar reactivity upon reduction or chelation of iron.
The effect of exogenous oxytocin on luteal function in mares. Daily injections of 150 units oxytocin administered to 6 mares on Days 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 after ovulation (Day 0 = ovulation) failed to induced luteolysis as indicated by the maintenance of normal plasma progestagen concentrations and the occurrence of normal ovulatory intervals. Three additional mares were given oestrogen injections 24 h before an injection of oxytocin on Day 7 after ovulation, but this treatment also failed to induce luteolysis since plasma progestagen concentrations were maintained in all three mares. Two mares exhibited normal ovulatory intervals, while the third developed a...
[Seasonal changes in spermatozoas and fertility of stallions in the tropics]. An attempt was made to express the relationship of spermiological characteristics with the fertility on the basis of seasonal variability of the fertility of stallions and of the ejaculate quality. A positive correlation between the activity of spermatozoa and the fertility ensues from the values of correlation coefficients. There is a negative correlation between the fertility and the concentration of citric acid. In the other characteristics, i.e. in the production of spermatozoa, volume of gel substance, pH, ergothioneine concentration, polarographic and hemolytic activity, the correlation ...
Synthesis of long complementary DNA in the endogenous reaction by equine infectious anemia virus. In the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction, equine infectious anemia virus is able to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) of 8,000 nucleotides in high yield. After 2 h in 50 muM dNTP, about 2.8 mug of cDNA per mg of protein is produced, almost 30% of which is long cDNA. The system thus compares favorably with the other two well-characterized endogenous reaction systems, Moloney murine leukemia virus and avian sarcoma virus. Elongation rates of 100 to 150 nucleotides per min have been observed; these rates are comparable to those seen with purified avian myeloblastosis virus reverse trans...
Radioimmunoassay for PMSG and its application to in-vivo studies. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay for PMSG, especially for meauring PMSG in cattle blood after exogenous application, has been developed. A rabbit antiserum against PMSG and pure PMSG for radioiodination were used. There was a strong cross-reaction against equine LH and FSH, but the slight cross-reaction against bovine LH and FSH could be eliminated by adding bovine LH to each tube during the assay. Unspecific, interfering influences of equine or cow serum could be eliminated by adding a constant amount of PMSG-free serum to each tube. PMSG added to 200 microliter of serum could be recovered ...
Abnormalities in the oestrous cycle in the mare. The situations and conditions that can disrupt the mares normal oestrous cycle are described. Season of the year is a major influence; maximum reproductive efficiency does not totally coincide with the artificially defined "breeding season". Other abnormalities are associated with spontaneously persistent luteal function, psychological influences over behavioural activity, the presence of endometritis, multiple ovulation, reproductive behavior after pregnancy failure and granulosa cell tumours.
The effect of training and detraining on several enzymes in horse skeletal muscle. Training and detraining had little effect on the activity of glycogen synthase, hexokinase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase or total protein. The activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased markedly during training. After 5 weeks of detraining, the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was returning to pre-training values, whilst by 10-week detraining, the levels were increasing again.
Changes of blood metabolites in horses after racing, with particular reference to uric acid. Changes in concentration of a number of blood metabolites in 30 thoroughbred horses were recorded after an 1110 metre race. No significant changes occurred in blood urea or aspartate aminotransferase during the three hours after racing. Plasma sodium, potassium and calcium levels were increased immediately after racing but had returned to normal one hour after racing. Plasma phosphate showed a significant fall in concentration one hour after racing. Creatinine and lactic acid concentrations were elevated ten minutes after racing and although they subsequently decreased, the level of lactic aci...
Dynamics of the hind limb at walk in horse and dog. The dynamics of the hind limbs of the horse and dog at walk are compared. The kinematics were studied by electromyography of animals walking on a moving belt, and by cinephotography in horses walking on the ground and in dogs walking on a moving belt and on the ground.
This study reveals that: 1) the retraction of the hoof or foot relative to the hip at the end of the support phase is less in the horse than in the dog; 2) the change in the sense of the movements of the hind limb segments at the end of the support phase and at the beginning of the swing phase occurs earlier in the horse (55â...
