Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, commonly found in plants and used as a sweetener. In horses, sucrose is primarily ingested through feedstuffs and can influence digestive processes due to its carbohydrate content. Horses have a limited ability to digest simple sugars, and excessive intake of sucrose may affect their gastrointestinal health and metabolic balance. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the digestion, metabolism, and potential health implications of sucrose consumption in horses.
Arns MJ, Webb GW, Kreider JL, Potter GD, Evans JW.Bovine serum albumin (BSA) diluents containing lactose, raffinose or sucrose were not different (P greater than 0.05) in their ability to maintain stallion sperm viability, as determined by percentage motile spermatozoa (PMS) and their rate of forward movement (RFM), when stored at 37 or 5 degrees C for 24 h. These diluents did promote a higher (P greater than 0.05) PMS and RFM, when compared with BSA diluents containing arabinose or galactose. The BSA-arabinose and BSA-galactose diluents did not differ (P less than 0.05) in their ability to support sperm viability and were detrimental to sper...
Klem ME, Kreider JL, Pruitt JB, Potter GD.Inclusion of either 1 or 3% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 8.6, 10, or 12% sucrose enhanced the maintenance of equine sperm motility in vitro at 38 degrees C for 8 h. There was a trend toward higher percent motile spermatozoa (PMS) at 16 and 24 h of incubation in semen samples containing BSA than in those that did not. The highest concentration of sucrose (12%) was slightly less effective in supporting PMS than either of the lower concentrations. However, sucrose concentrations had no apparent effect on rate of forward movement (RFM) of spermatozoa. Pregnancy and foaling rates were simila...
Srivastava SK, Barnum DA, Prescott JF.The production of M-protein antigen of Streptococcus equi was studied during in vitro growth in equine blood and in various media. Of 11 S equi strains studied, seven which had initially possessed 0.04 mg or less M-protein per 10 mg of streptococcal cell extract showed an increase in M-protein content after successive culture in heparinised horse blood. Maximum proliferation occurred in Todd-Hewitt (TH) medium with added 0.2 per cent w/v glucose when compared with TH medium alone or TH medium with 2 per cent w/v sucrose, starch, neopeptone or normal horse serum. The M-protein of these strains ...
Hawkes J, Hedges M, Daniluk P, Hintz HF, Schryver HF.Preference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatl...
Wolter R, Durix A, Letourneau JC, Carcelen M, Henry N.One pony has been subjected to the intravenous injections of L-lactic acid. Two other ponies have been trained to intracaecal administration of L-lactic acid or sucrose. The obtained results show that: Intravenous injection of lactic acid increases the concentration of histamin and lactic acid, decreases the level of magnesium and reduces the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood (the control animals and the treated animals) without the clinical symptoms of lactic acidosis. Intracaecal administration of lactic acid induces a high liberation of histamin in the caecum (the control animals and ...
Brems DN, Liu YC, Stellwagen E.The heme iron of horse heart cytochrome c was selectively removed using anhydrous HF. The product, porphyrin c, exhibits the viscosity, far ultraviolet circular dichroic, and fluorescence properties characteristic for native cytochrome c. However, porphyrin c is more susceptible to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride and by heat than is the parent cytochrome. All of the conformational parameters of porphyrin c exhibit a common reversible transition centered at 0.95 m guanidine hydrochloride at 23 degrees C and pH 7.0. Guanidine denatured porphyrin c refolds in two kinetic phases having tim...
Potempa J.The proteolytic activity of the elastase-like proteinase from granules of horse blood leukocytes is retained on a column of Cibacron Blue-Sepharose and can be eluted with 0.5 M KSCN. During this procedure its mol. wt. is reduced from 49000 to 30000 and isoelectric point is shifted towards higher pH. The inactive protein not adsorbed on Cibacron Blue-Sepharose is strongly acidic and shows a mol. wt. of 20000. Upon mixing this protein with the modified enzyme the native proteinase is reconstituted as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and isoelectric focusing in a sucrose grad...
Poirée JC, Vannier C, Sudaka P, Fehlmann M.Brush border membranes isolated from horse kidney cortex as closed right-side out vesicles show selective permeability when analyzed on sucrose and dextran gradients. These vesicles can actively accumulate D-glucose. The preservation of the glucose transport system is demonstrated by the following features: (a) the uptake and release rates of D-glucose are higher in the presence of a sodium gradient, showing that D-glucose transport is a sodium-dependent process; (b) this transport, specific for the D-isomer, is inhibited by phlorizin; (c) the D-glucose transport system is saturable; (d) no in...
Pine L, Reeves MW.Various sugars were tested for their effect on the differential rate of synthesis of M protein during the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes strain 0055 M12T12. In a semisynthetic medium alone, a high rate of M protein synthesis occurred with glucose as a substrate; decreasing rates of synthesis occurred with sucrose and trehalose, in that order, although the rates of growth were approximately equal with all sugars. A period of derepressed synthesis of M protein occurred in the lag phase of growth and in the stationary period as the substrates were being depleted. Although glucose inhibited the ...
Charman HP, Bladen S, Gilden RV, Coggins L.Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) has a density of 1.154 g/cm3 in sucrose a high-molecular-weight RNA similar in size to Rauscher murine leukemia virus, and an internal virion reverse transcriptase that utilizes the synthetic RNA template poly(rA) but not the synthetic DNA template poly(dA), both with (dT)12 as primer. Although capable of utilizing manganese at low concentrations (approximately 0.1 mM), EIAV reverse transcriptase showed highest activity in the presence of 9 mM magnesium. The major protein of EIAV has a slightly lower molecular weight than the comparable protein of type C v...
Matheka HD, Coggins L, Shively JN, Norcross NL.EIA virus was purified from equine fetal kidney cell cultures by PEG-precipitation, two sucrose-gradient sedimentations (5-30 per cent) and (25 to 60 per cent) centrifugation, using the immunodiffusion test to follow the procedure. Purified EIA virus had a density (20 degrees C) of 1.162 and a sedimentation constant of S20w=656. electron microscopy revealed a particle of about 100 nm in diameter with a very flexible but usually spherical shape. The dense core may be at various locations inside the membrane bound particle.
Roberts MC.Dietary carbohydrates, which constitute a most important source of equine nutrition, are digested and absorbed by a series of complex processes principally in the small intestine, beginning with intraluminal starch hydrolysis by the action of pancreatic amylase. The continuous secretion of a copious volume of pancreatic juice, low in enzyme activity, presumably releases sufficient oligosaccharides for further hydrolysis at the intestinal cell surface by brush border enzymes. Active carrier mediated mechanisms then transport the final hexose products across the intestinal cell for uptake in the...
Roberts MC.The ability of the horse to digest and absorb soluble carbohydrates was assessed using a series of oral disaccharide tolerance tests followed in the same animals by tolerance tests with the constituent monosaccharides. In horses older than three years, lactose did not produce an increase in the plasma glucose levels but induced the passing of soft faeces, indicating that adult horses are lactose intolerant. Horses of all ages could absorb the glucose: galactose mixture without any change in the faeces. The tolerance is due to a failure to hydrolyse lactose and does not involve the monosacchari...
Wilsher S, Rigali F, Couto G, Camargo S, Allen WR.Historically, cryopreservation of equine embryos >300 μm gave poor pregnancy rates until researchers collapsed the blastocoele cavity and aspirated the blastocoele fluid prior to vitrification. Objective: To determine if aspiration of the blastocoele fluid prior to vitrification is essential for post warming survival. Methods: In vivo experiments. Methods: Fifty embryos were recovered on day 7-8 and washed in holding medium (HM; M-199HEPES + 20% FBS + antibiotics). Embryos were punctured using a micromanipulator mounted 30 μm biopsy needle; following this 28 had >90% of their bla...
Klem ME, Kreider JL, Pruitt JB, Potter GD.Inclusion of either 1 or 3% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 8.6, 10, or 12% sucrose enhanced the maintenance of equine sperm motility in vitro at 38 degrees C for 8 h. There was a trend toward higher percent motile spermatozoa (PMS) at 16 and 24 h of incubation in semen samples containing BSA than in those that did not. The highest concentration of sucrose (12%) was slightly less effective in supporting PMS than either of the lower concentrations. However, sucrose concentrations had no apparent effect on rate of forward movement (RFM) of spermatozoa. Pregnancy and foaling rates were simila...
Pruß D, Oldenhof H, Wolkers WF, Sieme H.The aim of cell preservation technologies is to slow down damaging reactions by lowering the storage temperature. Upon dilution in a stabilizing extender, stallion sperm can be stored at refrigerator temperatures for several days. Cryopreservation allows storage for decades, but freezing and thawing cause damage and viability losses. It is assumed that by storing cells at subzero temperatures in a non-frozen supercooled state, the damaging effects of ice formation can be avoided. In this study, we have investigated if stallion sperm can be stored at -10°C in the absence of ice, and compared v...
Tappenbeck K, Schmidt S, Feige K, Naim HY, Huber K.Lidocaine is the most commonly chosen prokinetic for treating postoperative ileus in horses, a motility disorder associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury of intestinal tissues. Despite the frequent use of lidocaine, the mechanism underlying its prokinetic effects is still unclear. Previous studies suggested that lidocaine altered cell membrane characteristics of smooth muscle cells. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate effects of lidocaine administration on characteristics of detergent-resistant membranes in equine jejunal smooth muscle. Lidocaine administration caused significa...
Huhtinen M, Lagneaux D, Koskinen E, Palmer E.Seventy-five embryos were collected 6 days after ovulation. Sixty embryos were frozen in straws using glycerol as the cryoprotectant in an automatic freezer. In Experiment 1 the freezing and thawing media were supplemented with 1.3 g/l PVP; in Experiment 2 the supplement was 5% FCS. The embryos were thawed for 30 s at +37 degrees C in a waterbath. In Experiment 1 glycerol was removed from 10 embryos in 6 steps. In 10 other embryos, glycerol and sucrose were both removed from the medium in 6 steps. After glycerol and sucrose removal, the embryos were stained with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole ...
Bize I, Driscoll DM.Preservation of stallion sperm forward motility was studied using a video recording system in semen diluted with media of different ionic strength and sodium content. After 8 hr of incubation at room temperature, semen diluted in a low ionic strength media containing sucrose displayed 65 +/- 9% motility with 68 +/- 3% of the motile sperm showing forward motility (diameter of head trajectory greater than or equal to 80 microns). In contrast, sperm populations diluted and incubated with a normal ionic strength media containing sodium had 56 +/- 7% motile sperm of which only 36 +/- 7% displayed f...
Frape DL.There is no clear evidence that the chronic requirement for any non-energy yielding nutrient rises in proportion as the energy requirement increases with hard work. The need for protein, and probably that for calcium, remain a function of bodyweight daily. Some proportionality with energy may exist for certain nutrients, although the evidence has not been adduced. For example, because of an increase in both the proportion and amount of propionic acid in the volatile fatty acids of caecal contents, the tissue requirement for vitamin B12 may rise with an increase in the rate of energy metabolism...
Kagan IA.Temperate grasses contain both water- and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates. Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) of temperate grasses include glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans (fructose-based polymers) of varying lengths. Ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESCs) consist of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and shorter fructans. WSCs and ESCs have been implicated in equine pasture-associated laminitis and other metabolic disorders. In this paper, the peer-reviewed literature of the past decade was summarized for selected factors influencing concentrations and composition of WSCs and ESCs in temperate g...
Wolter R, Durix A, Letourneau JC, Carcelen M, Henry N.One pony has been subjected to the intravenous injections of L-lactic acid. Two other ponies have been trained to intracaecal administration of L-lactic acid or sucrose. The obtained results show that: Intravenous injection of lactic acid increases the concentration of histamin and lactic acid, decreases the level of magnesium and reduces the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood (the control animals and the treated animals) without the clinical symptoms of lactic acidosis. Intracaecal administration of lactic acid induces a high liberation of histamin in the caecum (the control animals and ...
Brems DN, Liu YC, Stellwagen E.The heme iron of horse heart cytochrome c was selectively removed using anhydrous HF. The product, porphyrin c, exhibits the viscosity, far ultraviolet circular dichroic, and fluorescence properties characteristic for native cytochrome c. However, porphyrin c is more susceptible to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride and by heat than is the parent cytochrome. All of the conformational parameters of porphyrin c exhibit a common reversible transition centered at 0.95 m guanidine hydrochloride at 23 degrees C and pH 7.0. Guanidine denatured porphyrin c refolds in two kinetic phases having tim...
Arns MJ, Webb GW, Kreider JL, Potter GD, Evans JW.Bovine serum albumin (BSA) diluents containing lactose, raffinose or sucrose were not different (P greater than 0.05) in their ability to maintain stallion sperm viability, as determined by percentage motile spermatozoa (PMS) and their rate of forward movement (RFM), when stored at 37 or 5 degrees C for 24 h. These diluents did promote a higher (P greater than 0.05) PMS and RFM, when compared with BSA diluents containing arabinose or galactose. The BSA-arabinose and BSA-galactose diluents did not differ (P less than 0.05) in their ability to support sperm viability and were detrimental to sper...
Kovacsy S, Ismer A, Funes J, Hoogewijs M, Wilsher S.Equine embryos >300 μm require puncture before vitrification. Protocols that do not require pre-puncture would make vitrification easier and allow for its widespread use. Objective: To design a successful vitrification protocol for embryos >300 μm without puncture as a pre-treatment. Methods: Experimental in vivo study. Methods: Thirty-eight embryos were divided into 3 groups (G1: ≤300 μm, n = 11; G2: >300-500 μm, n = 20; G3: >500 μm, n = 7). Embryos were vitrified using a human vitrification kit. Following a 15 min exposure to equilibration solution ...
