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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Purification of lutropin and follitropin in high yield from horse pituitary glands. A method has been developed for the purification of equine lutropin (eLH) and equine follitropin (eFSH) from horse pituitary glands which attains high yields of both hormones in contrast to previous methods that were devoted to one or the other with inferior recovery of the hormones. Two-pass chromatography over CM-Sephadex was used to separate eLH from eFSH. Subsequent steps employing QAE (quaternary amino-ethyl)-Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 produced highly purified hormone preparations. Yields of purified eLH and eFSH were 110 and 60 mg/kg of frozen pituitari...
Suspected hepatotoxicity in neonatal foals: preliminary report of an emerging syndrome. An apparently new and emerging fatal hepatic disease affecting foals is described. Characteristics included evidence of hepatic failure, marked biliary hyperplasia, hepatocellular necrosis and occasionally fibrosis. Generally, the features of the disease appear to differ markedly from other hepatic diseases of neonatal foals.
Pulmonary arterial haemodynamics and blood gas values of Thoroughbred racehorses with a history of epistaxis during a race. In ten Thoroughbred racehorses which suffered epistaxis during a race, the mean pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PADP) was significantly higher, and the mean pulmonary arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was significantly lower, than the corresponding mean values of a sample of fourteen clinically normal Thoroughbreds in training. The authors conclude that in horses with epistaxis during a race, pulmonary dysfunction may persist for up to two months after the episode, and that the results indicate a need for pulmonary function studies before and after racing, in order to resolve problems conc...
Carriers of equine infectious anemia virus. Presently available data continue to support the idea that once a horse is infected with equine infectious anemia virus it remains infected indefinitely. Infection may not always be demonstrated by inoculation of plasma, serum, or whole blood transfusions into susceptible recipients, but transfusions of fresh whole blood will be infective in at least 95% of the horses testing positive in the agar gel immunodiffusion test. For detection of infectivity in a small percentage of inapparent carriers, it appears necessary to inoculate washed leukocytes collected over a period of time.
Androstenedione and testosterone biosynthesis by the adrenal cortex of the horse. An homogenate from cortical tissue of mare adrenals was incubated in the presence of tritiated pregnenolone. The (3H) androstenedione and the (3H) testosterone synthesized during the incubation were extracted, purified, and co-crystallized to constant specific activity in the presence of unlabeled carriers. The rate of conversion of pregnenolone to androstenedione and testosterone was of the order of 5 and 0.15 per cent respectively. The high ratio of (3H) androstenedione to (3H) testosterone observed in this study suggests that androstenedione is the main androgen produced by mare adrenals. I...
Isolation and characteristics of an equine reovirus type 3 and an antibody prevalence survey to reoviruses in horses located in New York State. Reoviruses have been isolated from a number of species including human, bovine, feline, canine and equine. In most species they seem to produce mild to inapparent disease. We have isolated a reovirus type 3 from a foal with diarrhea. The virus designated the Ralph strain has been propagated in both the MA-104 and A-72 cell lines. The strain produced cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in these cell cultures. Tissue-cultured virus fixed complement in the presence of reovirus antibodies, but failed to do so in the presence of rotavirus antiserum. By electron microscopy the viral particle measured +/- 6...
Effect of exogenous gonadal steroids and pregnancy on uterine luminal prostaglandin F in mares. Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of exogenous hormone treatment on uterine luminal prostaglandin F (PGF). In the first experiment ovariectomized pony mares received either corn oil (21 days, n = 3), estradiol valerate (21 days, n = 3), progesterone (21 days, n = 3) or estradiol valerate (7 days) followed by progesterone (14 days, n = 4). Progesterone treated mares had higher (P less than .01) uterine luminal PGF compared with all other groups, and no differences were detected between other treatment comparisons. In Experiment II, uterine fluid was collected from 4 ovariectom...
Clostridial cellulitis in the horse: a report of five cases. Five horses with fatal clostridial cellulitis are described. The characteristic findings were the rapid development of a crepitant swelling with an associated toxemia, which in four cases followed intramuscular injections. The clinical features, diagnostic techniques and pathogenesis are discussed. The importance of an early diagnosis is emphasized.
Lymphosarcoma and associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in horses. Three horses with equine lymphosarcoma were examined because of clinical signs including chronic weight loss, respiratory distress, peripheral edema, and chronic colic. Clinicopathologic findings included evidence of an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia also was diagnosed in 1 of the horses and suspected in another. One horse died in spite of treatment, 1 died 5 hours after surgical removal of a tumor encircling the jejunum, and 1 was euthanatized because of deteriorating condition. Necropsy of each horse revealed extensive neoplastic infiltration of peripheral...
Effect of monensin on the morphology of mitochondria in rodent and equine striated muscle. Heart, diaphragm, and rear limb muscle from ponies and rats treated with monensin were examined by light and electron microscopy. In both species, mitochondrial aberrations were observed in selected muscle cells. The aberrations consisted of loss of matrix substance (vacuolization) usually accompanied by swelling. Vacuolated mitochondria were characterized by an almost total loss of matrix substance with retention of the rudimentary cristae form. In ponies, most vacuolated mitochondria were observed in heart muscle though some also were found in the diaphragm. In rats, most vacuolated mitochon...
Uterine defense mechanisms in the mare: Serum opsonins affecting phagocytosis of Streptococcus zooepidemicus by equine neutrophils. The addition of serum to uterine secretions was shown to opsonize Streptococcus zooepidemicus and significantly enhance bacterial phagocytosis by equine neutrophils. Treatment of serum by heat inactivation at 56 degrees C, EDTA treatment, and C3 consumption reduced phagocytosis and therefore demonstrated that the process was complement-dependent. The amount of C3 present in uterine secretions was measured in a series of 14 mares infected with Streptococcus zooepidemicus . Ten of the 14 mares had detectable amounts of C3; however, the C3 had been cleaved and rendered nonfunctional. The importan...
A sampling protocol for the thyrotropin-stimulation test in the horse. A study was designed to assess the secretory response of thyroid glands in horses to an economically feasible dose (5 IU) of thyrotropin injected IV, and to establish valid blood sampling periods in cases in which thyroxine concentrations were different from base-line values. Significant (P less than 0.001) response (doubling or near-doubling of base line) occurred as early as 3 hours after thyrotropin administration, with peak response at 4 to 5 hours. It was concluded that administration of 5 IU of thyrotropin is economical and effective in the horse, with collection of a second blood sample...
Standardization of the equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion test and its application to the control of the disease in the United States. In 1972 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) established requirements that horses which had immunodiffusion antibody against equine infectious anemia could not be transported interstate. Forty-two states had regulations requiring that horses have a negative equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion test before movement. In order to standardize immunodiffusion testing, it was stipulated in the 1972 regulations that tests must be performed in approved laboratories. The approved laboratories were required to have personnel trained in the immunodiffusion test procedure, to follow the standard pr...
Xylazine causes transient dose-related hyperglycemia and increased urine volumes in mares. Xylazine given IV at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg to mares caused a significant (P less than 0.05) dose-related increase in serum glucose concentration and urine volume. Serum glucose concentrations as much as 150 mg/dl were recorded in mares after they were given the largest xylazine dose. The greatest urine volume, similar to changes in peak glucose concentration, always occurred during the first hour after dosing with xylazine and averaged 1.82, 3.93, and 5.68 ml/kg/hour after the 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-mg/kg doses, respectively, were given. Urine osmolality and specific gravity were signi...
Observations on the use of glyceryl guaiacolate as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in horses. Twenty-one horses undergoing clinical surgery and diagnostic procedures received 15% glyceryl guaiacolate followed by a rapid intravenous injection of a thiobarbiturate for induction of anaesthesia. Premedication was with atropine and acepromazine. Induction was smooth and free from problems apart from transient apnoea in some horses. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with oxygen and halothane administered by means of a closed circle system with soda-lime absorber and with the vaporiser out of circuit. During the period immediately following induction, the heart rate increased and the respiratory...
The isolation, propagation and characterization of tissue-cultured equine rotaviruses. From 105 field cases of diarrhea in neonatal or young foals, rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy (EM) and/or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the feces of 65 foals on 16 different premises. ELISA was performed with Rotazyme test kits developed by Abbot and Company for the detection of rotaviruses. Twenty-four field isolates from the feces of diarrheic foals with equine rotavirus infection as ascertained by EM were placed in MA-104 cell cultures after pretreatment of the viral suspension with 10 micrograms ml-1 of trypsin and incorporation of 0.5 micrograms ml-1 or 1 mi...
Odontodysplasia in a horse. Weight loss, poor growth and dysphagia occurred in a young stallion with some teeth missing, and soft, discolored and/or deformed deciduous incisors, premolars and molars. At necropsy, permanent teeth sites were filled with yellow, gelatinous material. Clinical signs suggested fluorosis but laboratory findings did not confirm the diagnosis.
Fibrotic myopathy in the horse. The case histories of 18 horses with hindlimb lameness attributed to fibrotic myopathy were reviewed. In 14 horses, the problem developed after trauma. In 5 others, it developed secondary to intramuscular injections. Other causes of the lameness were surgery, exertional injuries, and purpura hemorrhagica. Eleven of the horses were treated by resection of scar tissue or by semitendinosus myotenotomy. Postoperative complications included pressure necrosis under quill sutures (9 horses), acute disruption of the skin incision (2 horses), dehiscence of the wound during healing (2 horses), and prolo...
Measurement of plasma antithrombin III activity in healthy horses. A fluorometric assay was used to determine plasma antithrombin III (AT III) activities in 15 healthy adult horses. Nearly all plasma samples had an initial value of greater than 100% thrombin inhibited, so a 1:1 dilution of the prepared samples was performed. Following dilution, the mean value of the animals was 59.17 +/- 7.4% thrombin inhibited. Mares had significantly greater AT III activity than did geldings (P less than 0.01). The results of this study indicate the horse has more AT III activity than did other domestic species in which AT III activity has been reported.
