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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Ionic mechanisms of Ca(2+)-dependent electrolyte transport across equine sweat gland epithelium. 1. The ionic mechanism involved in Ca(2+)-stimulated electrolyte transport in cultured equine sweat gland epithelial cells was studied using the short-circuit current (ISC) technique. 2. Microscopy revealed that the cultured cells grown on Millipore filters formed polarized monolayers with tight junctions. Monolayers exhibited a mean transepithelial resistance of 333.9 +/- 40.4 omega cm2. 3. Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents, A23187 (1 microM) or thapsigargin (0.01-1 microM), stimulated ISC while forskolin exerted little effect on the ISC. 4. Replacement of external Cl- by gluconate significantly reduc...
Influence of glycerol on the structure and stability of ferric horse heart myoglobin: a SAXS and circular dichroism study. The influence of glycerol on the structural properties of Fe(III)-horse heart myoglobin has been investigated by absorbance, CD and SR-SAXS spectroscopy. The results obtained indicate that both the tertiary and the secondary (alpha-helix) conformations of the protein are influenced by glycerol; in particular, an increase of approx. 8% in helical content was observed. Further, analysis of both the acid- and guanidine-induced denaturation transitions points to a glycerol-induced decreased stability of the tertiary structure; conversely, the alpha-helix conformation is found to be stabilized by t...
Looking for residues involved in the muscle acylphosphatase catalytic mechanism and structural stabilization: role of Asn41, Thr42, and Thr46. Asn41, Thr42, and Thr46 are invariant residues in both muscle and erythrocyte acylphosphatases isolated so far. Horse muscle acylphosphatase solution structure suggests their close spatial relationship to Arg23, the main substrate binding site. The catalytic and structural role of such residues, as well as their influence on muscle acylphosphatase stability, was investigated by preparing several gene mutants (Thr42Ala, Thr46Ala, Asn41Ala, Asn41Ser, and Asn41Gln) by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The mutated genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the mutant enzymes were...
Heavy metal concentrations in injured racehorses. Records were reviewed of horses that had fatal injuries at California racetracks over a 16-mo period. Horses were categorized based on injury type, sex, age and breed. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, molybdenum and zinc concentrations were measured in the liver and kidneys from each horse. Arsenic and lead were not detected in any tissues. Liver heavy metal concentrations were not related to the injury type. Kidney iron concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in horses with ligament ruptures and in horses with fractured sesamoid, carpus or metacarpus/metatarsus bones. Live...
[Demonstration of activity of two potentiated sulfonamides in feces of horses after oral or intravenous administration]. Both, the oral and intravenous application of two trimethoprim-potentiated sulfonamides induced measurable antibacterial activities in the feces of horses. With regard to the risk of antibiotic-induced alterations of the gastrointestinal flora, the route of application of potentiated sulfonamides seems to be of minor importance. The antibiotics used were Sulfadimethoxine/Trimethoprim (Trafigal 30% ad us. vet.) for oral and Sulfadoxine/Trimethoprim (Borgal 24% ad us. vet., both Hoechst AG, Frankfurt) for intravenous application. As recommended, both drugs were given in a dose of 20 mg per kg bo...
Rapid analysis of four bilirubins in domestic animal sera using high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid method was developed to analyze delta-bilirubin (B delta), diconjugated bilirubin (DCB), monoconjugated bilirubin (MCB), and unconjugated bilirubin (Bu) by direct injection of sera using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an internal-surface reversed-phase silica support (ISRP) column. Sharp bilirubin peaks were obtained using a simple mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.5 M Tris-HCl buffer (20:80, v/v, pH 7.2). A variable-wavelength detector set at 450 nm, 0.01 absorbance unit full scale (AUFS), and a recorder set at 4 mm/min were used for detection. Peaks for B delta, DCB...
Biochemical and biomechanical alterations in equine articular cartilage following an experimentally-induced synovitis. The effects of inflammation on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage at two sites (dorsal and palmar) from the radial facet of the equine third carpal bone were examined in response to a synovitis induced with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Four groups were studied. In group 1 synovitis was induced at time zero and evaluated at week 6. Group 2 was the sham-treated control for group 1. In group 3 synovitis was induced at time zero and evaluated at week 2. Group 4 was the sham-treated control for group 3. There was a significant increase (P palmar). The...
Estimation of the heritability of lameness in standardbred trotters. The degree of lameness of 265 randomly selected three-year-old standardbred trotters was assessed on a fixed point scale with 0 indicating soundness and 5 indicating that the animals were not weightbearing. Two variables were used to describe the signs of lameness; one was the continuous variable: the sum of the initial lameness score and the lameness scores after separate flexion tests of the carpal, stifle/tarsal and phalangeal joints and the second was the bivariate variable; the ratio of lame/sound horses. The mean (sd) heritability of the continuous variable was estimated to be 0.25 (0.21...
A study of the effect of a platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist on antigen challenge of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Antigen challenge involving exposure to straw and mouldy hay for 7 h produced lung function changes and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During the challenge, an increase in radiolabelled neutrophils in the lungs occurred, together with increased respiratory rate and pleural pressure. The role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in antigen-induced neutrophil accumulation, and increased pleural pressure and respiratory rate was investigated by administering the PAF receptor antagonist WEB 2086 to asymptomatic COPD horses prior to a...
Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microbiological culture for detection of salmonellae in equine feces and environmental samples. To compare the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with microbiological culture for detecting salmonellae in equine fecal samples and equine environmental swab specimens. Methods: Samples and specimens were tested by PCR and microbiological culture. Methods: A fecal sample from each of 152 horses admitted consecutively to the clinic for evaluation by the outpatient service, 282 fecal samples from 110 hospitalized horses that had been submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory, and 313 environmental swab specimens were examined. Methods: Each sample and specimen in the study w...
[Paramphostomid infestation in equids in Egypt]. The investigation of 156 donkeys in the area of the veterinary faculty of the Tanta University in Kafr el-Sheikh showed that 49 animals (31.41%) were infected with trematodes, 34 donkeys (21.80%) served as hosts for Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus, 22 (14.10%) were infected with Fasciola gigantica und 7 (4.49%) with both trematodes. 6 of 40 examined horses (15.0%) showed monoinfections with G. aegyptiacus only. Because of the fragmentary knowledge on these paramphistomides of equids, some aspects concerning the morphology, pathology and clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, occurrence, host spec...
Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) provides a uniquely dynamic system in which to study the mechanism and role of genomic variation in lentiviral persistence and pathogenesis. We have used a Shetland pony model of infection to investigate the association of specific long terminal repeat (LTR) and env gene genomic sequences with the initiation of infection and the onset of disease. We analyzed viral RNA isolated from a pathogenic stock of virus (EIAV PV) and from plasma taken during the first disease episode from two ponies infected with EIAV PV. Overall sequence variation within gp90 was lo...
The effects of oxygenation upon the Cl-dependent K flux pathway in equine red cells. The effects of oxygen tension (PO2) upon the K influx pathways of equine red cells have been studied using 86Rb+ as congener for K. Equilibration of cells in 100% nitrogen led to a low and Cl-independent K flux. Change to an atmosphere of 100% air led to a rapid sixfold increase in K flux. The oxygen-activated flux was entirely Cl dependent and was maintained for up to 3 h. Oxygenation-evoked activation was dependent upon PO2 over the physiological range with little effect up to 70% saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen but significant effects between 70 and 100%. K flux at low PO2 was unaffec...
Apparent viscosity of the synovial fluid from mid-carpal, tibiotarsal, and distal interphalangeal joints of horses. To compare the apparent viscosity of normal synovial fluid of the mid-carpal, tibiotarsal, and interphalangeal joints of horses. Methods: Viscosity evaluation over a range of shear rates was used to characterize the apparent viscosity of synovial fluids from the 3 joints. Methods: 60 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: Viscosity data for synovial fluid samples were obtained over a shear rate range of 10 to 250/s and apparent viscosity was calculated at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250/s. Effect of shear rate on apparent viscosity was determined, using a two-way ANOVA, with significant differenc...
Laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen in dorsally recumbent horses. To provide an accurate and detailed description of the laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen of horses positioned in dorsal recumbency and to compare those observations with laparoscopic anatomy of standing horses. The effects of laparoscopy and positional changes on arterial blood pressure and blood gas values also were investigated. Methods: Descriptive anatomic study. Methods: Laparoscopy was performed on 6 horses (2 mares, 2 geldings, and 2 stallions) to record the normal laparoscopic anatomy of the abdomen in dorsal recumbency. Methods: Feed was withheld from all horses for 36 hours. Horses...
Dietary protein and energy restriction in mares: rapid changes in plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations during dietary alteration. Two diets consisting of bermudagrass hay and a corn-cottonseed hull-based supplement were formulated to provide either 100% (control) or 50% (restricted) of the protein and energy requirements for maintenance for mature mares. Twelve light horse mares were fed the control diet for 7 d, and then at 0800 on d 0, six mares were switched to the restricted diet. All diets were fed as two equally sized meals at 0800 and 1600. At 0800 on d 7, mares receiving the restricted diet were switched back to the control diet. Relative to control mares, mares switched to the restricted diet had reduced plasma ...
A case-control study of the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. A case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome of foals. A questionnaire was used during personal interviews of foal owners and farm managers to collect information on animal signalment, farm environment, and mare management. Information on 39 foals with the congenital hypothyroidism and dysmaturity syndrome were compared with 39 control foals. Foals with the syndrome had a significantly (P < 0.0001) longer gestation (357.6 d) than control foals (338.9 d). Pregnant mares that were fed greenfeed, did not receive any supplem...
Failure of endometrial cup development in the donkey-in-horse model of equine abortion. The mature preinvasive chorionic girdles of horse, mule, donkey and extraspecies donkey-in-horse conceptuses, and the very young endometrial cups on d 37 of gestation in mares carrying horse, mule and transferred donkey-in-horse conceptuses, were compared histologically and ultrastructurally to determine possible mechanisms underlying failure of endometrial cup development in the donkey-in-horse model of equine abortion. The progenitor chorionic girdle from the failing donkey-in-house pregnancy was similar in size to the normal donkey chorionic girdle but the trophoblast cells within the forme...
Nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia equi genomic DNA in horses and ticks (Ixodes pacificus). A nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting Ehrlichia equi in horses and ticks (Ixodes pacificus) was developed. A major second-round PCR product of 928 bp could be readily visualized in ethidium bromide-stained agarose minigels. An internal probe was used to verify the identity of the amplified product by non-radioactive (digoxigenin-based) Southern blotting; additional confirmation was provided by DNA sequence analysis. A dilution study testing the sensitivity of the PCR indicated that DNA derived from 3 infected neutrophils was sufficient to generate a PCR signal. The specificity of t...
[The oldest German textbook on internal medicine of horses, edited at the Kayserlich-Köngliche Pferd-Cur und Operations Schul in Vienna in 1770]. The manuscript has the title: "Erkandtnus deren innerlichen Krankheiten des Pferds überhaupt". Through two take downs of the lectures of Ludwig Scotti, the founder of the first school for veterinarians in the German speaking part of Europe and its first teacher, the manuscript is identified as another take down. The first part of the manuscript, which is about internal medicine, in large passages is a literally translation of Lafosse's "Guide de Maréchal". In most passages the second part, which is about pharmacology, is a copy of the German translation of Claude Bourgelat's "Matière médic...
Stability of equine infectious anemia virus in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera:Muscidae), and Tabanus fuscicostatus (Diptera:Tabanidae) stored at -70 degrees C. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was injected intrathoracically into Aedes aegypti, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Tabanus fuscicostatus, and fed to Ae. aegypti in suspensions of either artificial blood of Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium. Insects were stored at -70 degrees C for up to 9 months before testing for the presence of EIAV. The viral tissue culture titers detected from stored insects were similar to those from insects tested at time 0.
In vitro maturation and transmission electron microscopic observation of horse oocytes after vitrification. The study was designed to examine the suitability of immature horse oocytes for vitrification. Immature oocytes derived from slaughtered horse ovaries were transferred to a vitrification solution (EFS; 40% ethylene glycol, 18% Ficoll, and 0.3 M sucrose in modified phosphate-buffered saline) directly (Groups 1 and 4) or were first exposed to 20% ethylene glycol solution for 10 min (Groups 2 and 5) or 20 min (Groups 3 and 6). Oocytes were handled at 20 degrees C (Groups 1, 2, and 3) or 30 degrees C (Groups 4, 5, and 6). After vitrification and warming, their viability was assessed by maturation ...
Clinical application of interferons in large animal medicine. Interferons are efficacious therapeutic agents for treatment of several clinically important diseases in cattle and horses. In some instances, the therapeutic goal of IFN administration is prevention or clinical cure of acute viral infections. On the other hand, IFN may serve as adjunctive treatment to diminish clinical manifestations of disease and improve the quality of life. Oral administration of IFN alpha appears to be a safe and convenient route of administration, and the therapeutic benefit likely develops via unique mechanisms involving oropharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue for diss...
Blue-cone horizontal cells in the retinae of horses and other equidae. The morphology of horizontal cells chiefly of the horse, but also of asses, mules, and a zebra, has been examined by Lucifer yellow injections into lightly fixed retinae and by immunocytochemistry. In common with other mammals, equids have a B-type horizontal cell, i.e., a cell with dendrites synapsing with cones and possessing a single axon synapsing with rods. Most mammalian retinae have a further type of horizontal cell, the A-type, also synapsing with cones but without an axon. The second type of horizontal cell in equids also has no axon; otherwise, it is most unusual. Compared with other...
Effect of aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid and bismuth subsalicylate on gastric pH in horses. To assess the effect of aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid and bismuth subsalicylate on gastric pH in clinically normal horses and to develop guidelines on the use of these agents for treatment of peptic ulcer disease in horses. Methods: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Methods: 5 clinically normal adult horses with chronically implanted gastric cannulas. Methods: Each horse received all 5 treatments (30 g of aluminum hydroxide/15 g of magnesium hydroxide, 12 g of aluminum hydroxide/6 g of magnesium hydroxide, 10.5 g of bismuth subsalicylate, 26.25 g of bismuth subsalicyl...
Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of florfenicol in Equidae. Florfenicol was administered to horses and ponies at a dose rate of 22 mg/kg bwt by i.v., i.m. and oral routes. Following i.v. administration it had an elimination half-life of 1.8 ± 0.9 h, a body clearance of 0.4 ± 0.11/h.kg and a volume of distribution at steady-state of 0.7 ± 0.2 1/kg. It was highly bioavailable following i.m. (81%) and oral (83%) administration. Less than 15% of the administered dose was excreted unchanged in the urine during the 30 h following administration. Animals treated with florfenicol had elevated bilirubin concentrations. Florfenicol was well tolerated by anima...
Comparison of herniorrhaphy versus clamping of umbilical hernias in horses: a retrospective study of 93 cases (1982-1994). Many uncomplicated umbilical hernias have been managed successfully in foals by the application of a hernia clamp. Isolated reports of complications following clamp application have led some authors to suggest that it is an unsuitable method of treatment. Little information has been published comparing the complication rates associated with the use of hernia clamps and herniorrhaphy in the treatment of umbilical hernias. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the characteristics of clinical cases of umbilical hernia and to compare the complication rates following these 2 treatme...
