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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Correlation between DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki and host animal source. Isolates (n = 147) of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki from cattle, swine, horses, and wildlife were analyzed by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified in DNA digested with HpaII, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms were correlated with the host animal source of the isolates. These results will be useful in understanding the epidemiology of serovar pomona infections in livestock.
Plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of methylprednisolone acetate and isoflupredone acetate after intra-articular administration in horses. OBJECTIVE--To document plasma, urine, and synovial fluid disposition of 2 common intra-articularly administered steroid preparations, methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) and isoflupredone acetate (IPA). DESIGN--Descriptive investigation. SAMPLE POPULATION--100 mg of MPA or 4 mg of IPA was administered to 2 groups of 4 healthy sound radiographically normal female horses. PROCEDURE--Blood samples were collected at time 0 (before) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration of the designated steroid. Complete urine collection for measurement of designated steroid was ac...
Differential suppression of endometrial prostaglandin F2alpha by the equine conceptus. Prostaglandin F2alpha secretion by the uterine endometrium between Days 13 and 14 postovulation causes luteal regression in mares. A mechanism involving interruption or suppression of this secretion causes pregnancy to be maintained. The present study was designed to determine the age of the conceptus when maximal suppression of PGF2alpha secretion occurs. Mares were examined daily during estrus with ultrasonography (day 0 = day of ovulation). Conceptus tissues were recovered nonsurgically on Days 9 (n = 7), 12 (n = 5), 13 (n = 5), and 16 (n = 7) and uterine biopsies on Day 14. Both uterine an...
Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in horses. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefoperazone (CPZ) were studied following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration of single doses (30 mg/kg) to horses. Concentrations in serum, urine and synovial fluid samples were measured following IV administration. CPZ concentrations in serum, synovial fluid and spongy bone samples were measured following IM administration. After IV administration a rapid distribution phase (t1/2 (alpha): 4.22 +/- 2.73 min) was followed by a slower elimination phase (t1/2(beta) 0.77 +/- 0.19 h). The apparent volume of distribution was 0.68 +/- 0....
The Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) pulling its weight in the field of draught animal research. Draught animal research carried out by scientists at the Centre for Topical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) in Edinburgh and overseas is reviewed and the major findings are reported. The remit for the work has been to provide basic information on draught animals which can be applied by researchers and extension workers to their own geographic situations. Instrumentation is described which has been designed and manufactured to assist in the measurement of draught animal performance, particularly work output and energy consumption. Energy requirements of cattle, buffaloes and equids for work and ways...
Intestinal ciliates found in the feces of Japanese native Tokara pony, with the description of a new genus and a new species. The composition of intestinal ciliates excreted in the feces of 20 Tokara native ponies kept in Iriki farm of Kagoshima University was surveyed. Eleven genera consisting of 18 species were identified based on the description of Strelkow. One new genus including a new species, Wolskana tokarensis n. gen., n. sp., of the family Buetschliidae was recognized and described. The average ciliate density of all horses was 13.8 x 10(3)/ml. Those of stallions (n = 5), mares (n = 11) and foals (n = 4) were 3.9, 16.1 and 43.3 x 10(3)/ml respectively. The value of stallions was significantly lower and that...
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay to determine serum and urine dexamethasone concentrations in thoroughbreds after intravenous administration of the steroid. To develop a simple and sensitive ELISA for detection of dexamethasone in horse serum and urine. Methods: Blood and urine samples from 3 thoroughbred mares. Methods: A dexamethasone oxime was prepared and conjugated to hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin and to horseradish peroxidase. One- and two-step double-antibody ELISA methods, as well as a radioimmunoassay method, were performed. The one-step ELISA was used to test urine from 3 Thoroughbred mares injected with 5 mg of dexamethasone, IV. Results: The ELISA could detect dexamethasone in the range of 0.01 to 50 ng/ml, with intra- and interassa...
Effects of posture and accumulated airway secretions on tracheal mucociliary transport in the horse. Tracheal mucociliary clearance was determined in horses by measuring the rostrad transport of the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium-sulphur colloid following deposition on the tracheal epithelium by intratracheal injection. The effects of head position (head elevated to normal standing position vs head lowered) and of accumulated purulent secretions on tracheal mucociliary clearance were evaluated for the first time in the horse. In normal horses tracheal mucociliary clearance was greatly accelerated by lowering the head so that the cranial trachea was lower than the caudal trachea. Horses con...
Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from foals. Serotype, biotype, antibiogram, hemolysin production, fimbrial hemagglutinins, select toxin genes (STb, STaP, LT, slt1 and slt2) and the attaching effacing (eae) gene were determined for 99 foal strains of E. coli. E. coli from diarrheic and normal foals could not be distinguished by serotype, biotype, or antibiogram. Differences (P < or = 0.05) were observed in hemolysin production (11.5% vs 0%) and the expression of mannose-resistant hemagglutinins (23% vs 13%) among E. coli from diarrheic and healthy foals, respectively. Three of the E. coli strains from diarrheic foals were positive wit...
13-cis-Retinoic acid affect sheath-shaft interaction of equine hair follicles in vitro. A major challenge to the study of hair follicle growth is an appropriate assay system. Because equine mane follicles are large and noncurved, enabling easy dissection; are readily accessible from a single defined source; and possess a long anagen growth phase, we initiated a study of them in culture. As in our previous studies of human and sheep follicles (Dev Biol 165:469, 1994), we found in this system that transection level dictates the pattern of follicle growth in vitro: follicles transected below the sebaceous gland show a type 1 growth pattern (the shaft grows out with an adherent sheat...
[Spectrum of species and incidence of endoparasites in foals and their mother mares from breeding farms with and without anthelmintic prophylaxis in upper Bavaria]. In this epidemiological study 37 foals and mares were included, which have been coproscopically examined in regular intervals over a period lasting up to 13 months. The animals derived from nine breeding farms. In three of these farms no anthelmintics were used before this investigation, whereas in six farms at least three years before regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics have been carried out. This investigation revealed no differences in the species spectrum of endoparasites as well as in the incidence of infections as regards to the breeding farms with and without anthelmintic...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses in Louisiana. To evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses in Louisiana by assessing the signalment, history, environmental factors, clinical signs, and treatment of such horses. Methods: Epidemiologic mail survey. Methods: 83 of 240 veterinarians contacted by mail agreed to take part in the survey. Veterinarians contacted were listed as mixed-animal or equine practitioners in the 1991/1992 directory of the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association or had submitted a specimen from a horse to the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory within the past 2 years. Methods: The survey con...
Neutron anatomy. The familiar extremes of crystalline material are single-crystals and random powders. In between these two extremes are polycrystalline aggregates, not randomly arranged but possessing some preferred orientation and this is the form taken by constructional materials, be they steel girders or the bones of a human or animal skeleton. The details of the preferred orientation determine the ability of the material to withstand stress in any direction. In the case of bone the crucial factor is the orientation of the c-axes of the mineral content-the crystals of the hexagonal hydroxyapatite- and this...
Automated differential leukocyte count in horses, cattle, and cats using the Technicon H-1E hematology system. The differential leukocyte counts performed by an automated hematology analyzer, the Technicon H-1E Hematology System, and traditional microscopic method (M-Diff) from blood samples of 129 horses, 40 cattle, and 140 cats were compared. The comparison was repeated after selected subsets of data were created by deleting samples with certain patterns suggesting error with the automated differential cell count (A-Diff). The two methods had good comparison of results for neutrophils and lymphocytes in all three species. Results for equine monocytes correlated moderately well between the two methods...
An in vitro biomechanical study of a multiplanar circular external fixator applied to equine third metacarpal bones. The biomechanical characteristics of a 4-ring circular multiplanar fixator applied to equine third metacarpal bones with a 5 mm mid-diaphyseal osteotomy gap were studied. Smooth Steinmann pins, either 1/8 inch, 3/16 inch, or 1/4 inch, were driven through pilot holes in the bone in a crossed configuration and full pin fashion and fastened to the fixator rings using cannulated fixation bolts. The third metacarpal bone fixator constructs were tested in three different modes (cranial-caudal four-point bending, axial compression, and torsion). Loads of 2,000 N were applied in bending and axial comp...
Establishing the cut-off concentration for the detection of etorphine in horse urine. An 125I radioimmunoassay to determine the pattern of urinary excretion of etorphine (a semisynthetic opiate agonist) after its administration to horses is described. Three thoroughbred horses were each given 5, 15, 30 and 100 micrograms of etorphine intramuscularly. Urine was collected for up to 72 after administration. The maximum etorphine concentration after administration of a dose of 5 micrograms was 711 pg ml-1 (concentrations were greater than 100 pg ml-1 after 23 h in all three horses); a 15 micrograms gave 2661 pg ml-1 (levels remained above 100 pg ml-1 for more than 44 h in each hors...
Serum progesterone levels in mares in winter and during transitional periods. Weekly blood samples were collected for serum progesterone determination from 68 mares during the period from September 1990 to June 1991. A total of 78% (53/68) of the mares became anoestrous: 88% (15/17) of mares with foals and 75% (38/51) of dry mares (p = 0.323). Six mares of the 15 which continued cycling showed persistent corpus luteum for 77 days on average (range 42-106 days). Anoestrus began between September and February, most frequently in December, and ended in January to June, most frequently in March. Mares with foal at foot became anoestrous in 2 separate groups, in September an...
Identification of metabolites of azaperone in horse urine. Two metabolites of the tranquilizer azaperone were extracted from alkalinized horse urine after treatment with beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase from limpets (Patella vulgata). The metabolites were identified by a combination of independent chemical synthesis and GC/MS and 1H NMR analysis. The metabolites were identified as 1-(fluorophenyl)-4-[4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-butanol, designated as 5'-hydroxy-azaperol, and 1-(fluorophenyl)-4-[4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-butanone, designated as 5'-hydroxyazaperone. A TLC screening test was developed for detecting both metabo...
Factors affecting motion characteristics of frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa. Five experiments were conducted to evaluate damage incurred in each processing step for cryopreservation of stallion spermatozoa. In Experiment 1, semen was centrifuged for 9 centrifugation times and the percentage of spermatozoa recovered after each treatment was calculated and spermatozoal motion characteristics analysed. Recovery of spermatozoa was > or = 80% when spermatozoa were centrifuged for > or = 10 min. Experiment 2 evaluated spermatozoa cryopreserved at 5 different concentrations in each of 2 extenders (skim milk-egg yolk-glycerol, SM-EYG; and lactose-EDTA, LAC). In SM-EYG, T...
Biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes in sound horses. In many Western European countries rocker-toed shoes are applied routinely in sound horses. This is in contrast to most Anglo-Saxon countries where rocker-toed shoes are used almost exclusively for corrective or orthopaedic shoeing. The purposes of rocker-toed shoes are to hasten or facilitate breakover, or to encourage breakover to occur at the centre of the toe. This study compares the biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes with standard flat shoes in twelve sound Dutch warmblood horses, using a modified CODA-3 gait analysis system and a force plate. The variables analysed were speed of ...
Hyaluronan turnover in the synovial fluid in metacarpophalangeal–and middle carpal joints in standardbred horses. The biological turnover of hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate) of different molecular weights (0.6 x 10(6) and 2.5 x 10(6) Daltons) was studied in the synovial fluid of the middle carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 clinically healthy Standardbred horses. The hyaluronan was radioactively labelled with 14C. The biological half-life (t1/2) was calculated from repeated synovial samples after injection of the labelled hyaluronan. The mean t1/2 in the metacarpophalangeal joints was 9.7 h for low molecular weight hyaluronan and 8.9 h for high molecular weight hyaluronan and in the middle carpal j...
Effects of storage on serum ionized calcium and pH from horses with normal and abnormal ionized calcium concentrations. It has been previously shown that Ca(I) concentration is stable in serum collected from healthy horses for 10 days if stored at 40 degrees C. This may not be true for horses with abnormal Ca(I) concentrations. Thus the stability of ionized calcium (Ca(I)) concentration and pH measurement in serum from horses with both normal and abnormal Ca(I) concentrations stored for various times at 40 degrees C and -10 degrees C was evaluated. Our results indicated that serum Ca(I) concentration was stable throughout 7 days of cold or frozen storage, after being received by the Clinical Chemistry Laborator...
Control of Karoo paralysis ticks through vegetation management. Karoo paralysis, caused by feeding Ixodes rubicundus females, is a major disease of small stock in South Africa. Control methods currently practised are almost exclusively chemical based. To limit overdependance on chemicals, vegetation management was investigated as a possible method for control, to be incorporated in an integrated tick management system. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine, firstly, the extent of vertical migration and survival of ticks on long and short copper rods which simulated grasses as questing substrates; secondly, the infestation burdens of ...
Load redistribution after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in adult horses. An analysis of joint moments was used to study the biomechanical implications, load redistribution and kinematic pattern following desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL) in adult horses. Recordings of 6 sound horses were made before and 10 days after desmotomy of the AL of the right forelimb at the walk and the trot. Kinematic recordings of the right forelimb and the left distal forelimb were made using the CODA-3 system. Kinetic recordings of the ground reaction forces in both forelimbs were made using a Kistler force plate simultaneously with the kinematic...
