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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
[Purification of alpha-1,4 leads to 1,4-glucosyltransferase from horse blood serum]. The purification of alpha-1,4-1,4-glucosyltransferase from the equine serum is presented. Ion-exchange chromatography on DE-11, DE-32 and CM-32 celluloses was applied in the successive steps of isolation. Gel-filtration on Bio-Gel P-200 was the last step of purification; it gave the protein which was homogeneous on disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purification degree was of the order 2100 at about 40% yield.
[Properties of alpha-1,4 leads to -glucosyltransferase from the muscles and blood serum of horses]. Alpha-1,4 leads to 1,4-glucosyltransferase preparations from horse muscles and serum were studied. The enzyme proteins from both tissues are very similar. Both proteins have a molecular weight of 240 000 and consist of four subunits of 60 000 daltons each. pH 5,0 is optimal for the activity. Only substrates with alpha-1, 4-linkages can serve as glucosyl donors for transferase reactions. Km values for both enzymes differ very slightly. At low substrate concentrations the hydrolytic activity can be found in addition to transferase reactions. At the concentration of the substrate higher than 40 m...
Erythrocyte volume distribution analysis in healthy dogs, cats, horses, and dairy cows. Erythrocyte volume distribution curves (erythrograms) were determined on a total of 300 blood samples from healthy dogs, cats, horses, and cattle (dairy cows). An index of anisocytosis was determined for these animals. Erythrograms were highly reproducible, and the mean corpuscular volumes determined from erythrograms compared well with those determined from hemograms. Bovine and equine erythrocyte volumes were found to be stable after the blood was stored at 4 C for 24 hours. Under the same conditions, canine and feline erythrocytes increased slightly in volume. After incubation of blood dilu...
Dehydroepiandrosterone synthesis by the fetal foal and its importance as an oestrogen precursor. The gonads of the fetal horse were found to be relatively devoid of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and other enzymes which metabolize dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). In short-term in-vitro incubation experiments fetal liver converted DHA to the potential equilin precursor, 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA. DHA was converted to oestrone when incubated with extracts of horse placenta but 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA was not converted to equilin. Levels of DHA measured in peripheral blood of mares throughout pregnancy paralleled those of equilin and oestrone, and DHA concentrations fell rapidly after fetal gonadect...
Changes in plasma progesterone levels during storage of heparinized whole blood from cow, horse, dog and pig. Progesterone concentrations in heparinized plasma harvested immediately after blood collection were compared with levels obtained after storage of the corresponding whole blood for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 1 day, 2 days and 5 days at room temperature and in a refrigerator. The blood was taken during the luteal phase from 4 dogs, 4 horses, 4 pigs and 8 cows. For 4 cows the storage time was extended to 9 and 20 days. No significant effect of whole blood storage time on plasma progesterone concentrations could be shown for dogs or pigs. For the horse a slight but significant decrease was demonstrated when ...
Antibodies to the zona pellucida in mares. Cross-reactivity tests indicated that the equine zona pellucida shares common antigen(s) with porcine zona. Porcine oocytes were therefore used to test for the presence of zona antibodies in the sera of horses. Serum samples were collected from 65 mares infertile for unexplained causes: 7 mares were strongly positive for antibodies reactive to porcine zona pellucida as determined by an indirect immunofluorescence method. Of these 7 mares, aged 8-23 years, 2 were nulliparous and 5 were multiparous. Zona-covered horse oocytes were treated with sera from 4 mares previously identified as zona posi...
Body fluid concentrations of ampicillin trihydrate in 6 horses after a single intramuscular dose. Six adult mares were given a single dose of ampicillin trihydrate (250 mg/ml) intramuscularly at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid and urine ampicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48 h period. The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration was 2.49 micrograms/ml at 6 h. Ampicillin was found in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak ampicillin concentrations of 1.65 micrograms/ml and 1.81 micrograms/ml at 6 h and 4 h respectively. These concentrations declined in parallel with serum concentrations and were still detec...
Maternal anti-fetal cytotoxic antibody responses of equids during pregnancy. The maternal immunological response to the developing equine fetus was investigated in 69 pregnancies of various genotypes. In normal intraspecies horse pregnancy (N = 16), 94% of mares produced strong cytotoxic antibody responses to paternal histocompatibility antigens which were first detectable between 44 and 70 days after ovulation. In all other types of pregnancy examined (intraspecies donkey, N = 19; interspecies mule, N = 6; interspecies hinny, N = 2; extraspecies horse-in-donkey, N = 3; and extraspecies donkey-in-horse, N = 21), antibody production was observed less frequently, and som...
Some aspects of equine embryo transfer. The number of successful embryo recoveries was 56.0% in experimental mares with no history of breeding problems but in barren mares only 34.3% of embryo recovery attempts were successful. When a recovery attempt was successful, the incidence of twin embryos was 10.7% in experimental mares and 16.7% in barren mares. Maintenance of embryos in vitro for greater than 6 h before non-surgical transfer significantly reduced pregnancy rates compared to maintenance for less than 3 h. The pregnancy rate in recipients at 100 days after ovulation was lower (P less than 0.05) than those at 24 and 30 days a...
Analysis of equine thoracic fluid. Eighteen clinically normal horses were used to study the characteristics of normal thoracic fluid. Thoracic fluid was obtained from each horse and was found to be similar to equine abdominal fluid. Total leukocytes averaged 3994/ul, total protein 1.8 g/dl, and specific gravity 1.015. Analysis of thoracic fluid from 16 horses with clinical signs of thoracic disease showed abnormalities in every case. Thoracic fluid analysis alone determined a specific diagnosis in 50% of the cases.
Calcium metabolism in glucocorticoid-treated pony foals. Pony foals were injected intramuscularly with 0, 0.5, or 5.0 mg dexamethasone per 100 kg body weight daily for up to 11 months. True absorption of dietary calcium was inhibited by treatment at 18 days (57% versus 14% of intake; P less than .01) and 10 months (72% versus 55% versus 43%: P less than .01), but not at 2 or 7 months, and was independent of age and treatment related decreases in intestinal calcium binding protein activities. Uninary excretion of calcium was increased by treatment through 7 months but decreased at 10 months. Treatment for 18 days resulted in total calcium excretions ...
Ovarian activity in the mare between latitude 15 degrees and 22 degrees N. Ovarian activity, as measured by the presence of small (10-15 mm diam.), medium (15-30 mm) and large (greater than 30 mm) follicles, corpora haemorrhagica and corpora lutea (CL), was determined in a total of 3584 ovaries during 1 year using post-mortem specimens. There were significant correlations of the incidence of ovulated follicles (ovulations), large and medium follicles (P less than 0 . 001) and of the mean number of small follicles (P less than 0 . 05) per mare with respect to season. The yearly averages of ovulated, large and medium follicles were 30 . 1, 13 . 9 and 73 . 9%, respectiv...
Chemical composition of the spinal cord in the normal developing fetus and in the premature foal. The lipid content of spinal cord, expressed as a percentage of adult values, was considerably higher for newborn foals than for several other species and traces of esterified cholesterol (type A) were only rarely present in horse fetal cord (from 270 days gestational age onwards). This suggested that, at birth, the spinal cord is neurochemically more 'mature' in the horse than in cattle, sheep and pigs. Data for premature foals revealed no lipid abnormality suggestive of myelin immaturity or degeneration.
Renal cadmium and zinc concentrations in horses in Norway. Much of the recent interest in cadmium has been inspired by concern about the increasing levels of this element in the environment. Exposure to low levels of cadmium may cause chronic effects. The intake of cadmium takes place mostly via foods. Therefore it is of interest to determine the cadmium levels in domestic animals in order to evaluate possible hazards both to animals and man.
Babesia equi (Laveran 1901) 1. Development in horses and in lymphocyte culture. The vertebrate development of Babesia equi from infected Hyalomma marginatum in Morocco was investigated in vitro and in vivo. It was demonstrated that the sporozoites of B. equi initiate a phase of exo-erythrocytic schizogony in lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, sporozoites did not invade erythrocytes in vitro. The complete vertebrate life cycle of B. equi was simulated in vitro, from the invasion of lymphocytes by sporozoites, to the development of macro- and microschizonts, the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites, and the subsequent intra-erythrocytic schizogony. ...
Influence of prostaglandin F2 alpha on sperm production and seminal characteristics of the stallion. Six mature stallions were used to test the effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha ) on sperm production and seminal characteristics. Semen was collected from each stallion twice weekly 1 hr following a 10 mg intramuscular injection of PGF2 alpha or a sham injection. A switchback design was used so that three stallions received PGF2 alpha and three served as controls during the first 9 weeks (period 1). Treatment regimens were reversed during the second 9 weeks (period 2). Treatment of stallions with PGF2 alpha resulted in an increase (P less than .05) in gel free seminal volume and a dec...
Postanesthetic myonecrosis in horses. Two horses died of massive myonecrosis following surgery. The hematological, biochemical and pathological changes are described and compared with those previously reported in the literature.
Mechanisms of infection in the respiratory tract. Related to its potential vulnerability the respiratory tract has a very complex and effective defence apparatus. The interaction between these defence mechanisms and certain characteristics of aetiological agents results in a pattern in which initial infections by these agents tend to occur at specific sites in the tract. Infections in which the primary portal of entry is in the upper respiratory tract include Bordetella bronchiseptica and Haemophilus spp in pigs; Pasteurella spp in cattle, sheep, pigs; Mycoplasma spp in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry; equine herpesvirus 1 in horses; infectio...
Toxicity of Cassia occidentalis in the horse. Three Shetland ponies were given a single oral dose of ground Cassia occidentalis seeds in aqueous suspension. The clinical signs observed resembled those seen in naturally occurring and experimental cases in cattle. The syndrome was characterized by an afebrile course, incoordination, recumbency and death. Elevations of blood alkaline phosphatase, CPK, LDH, and SGOT were observed. Although muscle lesions were not seen grossly, microscopic lesions included segmental necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers. The findings were regarded as sufficiently characteristic of C. occidentalis poisoning to be ...
Bacteriologic examination of equine fecal flora as a diagnostic tool for equine intestinal clostridiosis. The fecal flora of 56 clinically healthy and 23 sick horses were examined bacteriologically for counts of Clostridium perfringens, molds, coliforms, alpha- and beta-hemolytic streptococci, and microbes belonging to genus Bacillus, as well as for the presence of Salmonella spp. Of the healthy horses, 85.7% had a C perfringens count less than 10(1) colony-forming units/g of feces. Of the healthy horses, lowest counts were found in race-horses. Of the sick horses, equine intestinal clostridiosis was diagnosed in 2 horses with large C perfringens counts (10(4) to 10(7) colony-forming units/g) and ...
Salivary syndrome in horses: identification of slaframine in red clover hay. An outbreak of salivary syndrome in horses in North Carolina was investigated. Rhizoctonia leguminicola was the predominant fungus isolated from toxic red clover hay. The fungus was less prevalent in the hay after 10 months of storage, and the hay had also decreased in biological activity after 10 months. Toxic hay caused extreme salivation, piloerection, respiratory distress, and increased frequency of defecation when fed to guinea pigs, and purified extracts of toxic hay and pure slaframine elicited these same responses when injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs. The freshly acquired h...
Gas/liquid chromatographic analysis of pemoline in biological fluids using electron capture detection. An analytical gas/liquid chromatographic (GLC) protocol is described for the quantitation of pemoline in biological fluids of the horse. Plasma samples containing known quantities of pemoline and its analog as an internal standard (IS) were deproteinized with 5-sulfosalicylic acid, heated at 80 degree C, and centrifuged. 5-Phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, the hydrolytic product of pemoline in acid medium, was extracted with dichloromethane (DCM). The organic layer was in turn re-extracted with 1% NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was acidified with HCI, and re-extracted with DCM, which was evaporated to d...
Effects of aflatoxins in young ponies. Sixteen clinically normal, healthy ponies were randomly assigned to 4 groups and given aflatoxin B1 in doses of 0.045, 0.030, 0.015, and 0 (control) mg/kg of body weight per day for 21 days (or total doses of 0.945, 0.630, 0.315, and 0 mg/kg). The animals were allowed to recover for 3 months and then were reassigned to 4 treatment groups such that each group during the 2nd trial included a pony from each of the groups of the 1st trial. The animals in the new groups were intubated and were given aflatoxin in doses of 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, and 0 (control) mg/kg/day for 5 days ( or total doses of 2.0, 1...
Diagnostic methods in infectious respiratory disease. For laboratory diagnosis of respiratory disease it is of overwhelming importance that the specimens taken are adequate, taken from the correct site and at the correct time. The lower regions of the respiratory tract are particularly difficult to sample but are more likely to yield the causative agent of a pneumonia. Infections involving the upper respiratory tract are much easier to sample and appropriate aspiration apparatus can be used. Consideration must be given to the timing of sample collection in relation to the life cycle of the causative micro-organism. Sampling of several animals is ...
