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3 Dimensional photonic scans for measuring body volume and muscle mass in the standing horse.
Abstract: Although muscle mass strongly influences performance, there is currently no effective means to measure the 3-dimensional muscle mass of horses. We evaluated a 3-dimensional (3D) scanning methodology for its ability to quantify torso and hindquarter volumes as a proxy for regional muscle mass in horses. Determine the repeatability of 3D scanning volume (V) measurements and their correlation to body weight, estimated body volume and muscle/fat ultrasound (US) depth. Handheld 3D photonic scans were performed on 16 Quarter Horses of known body weight 56 days apart (n = 32 scans) with each scan performed in duplicate (n = 32 replicates). Tail head fat, gluteal and longissimus dorsi muscle depths were measured using US. Processed scans were cropped to isolate hindquarter (above hock, caudal to tuber coxae) and torso (hindquarter plus dorsal thoracolumbar region) segments and algorithms used to calculate V. Torso and hindquarter volume were correlated with body weight and US using Pearson's correlation and with estimated torso volume (50% body weight / body density) with Bland-Altman analysis. Scans took 2 min with < 3.5% error for duplicate scans. Torso volume (R = 0.90, P< 0.001) and hindquarter volume (R = 0.82, P< 0.001) strongly correlated with body weight and estimated BV (R = 0.91) with low bias. Torso volume moderately correlated to mean muscle US depth (R = 0.4, P< 0.05) and tail head fat (R = 0.42, P< 0.01). Mean muscle US depth moderately correlated to body weight (R = 0.50, P< 0.01). 3D Scans determine body volume not muscle volume. The hand-held 3D scan provided a rapid repeatable assessment of torso and hindquarter volume strongly correlated to body weight and estimated volume. Superimposition of regional scans and volume measures could provide a practical means to follow muscle development when tail head fat depth remain constant.
Publication Date: 2020-02-27 PubMed ID: 32106234PubMed Central: PMC7046215DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229656Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research focuses on a novel technique for measuring the three-dimensional muscle mass of horses with photonic scans. Using this method, the body volume and muscle of horses were quantified effectively, demonstrating a strong correlation between body weight and estimated volume.
Research Methodology
- The study involved conducting handheld 3D photonic scans on 16 Quarter Horses with known body weight.
- The scans were executed twice, with a gap of 56 days between each scan.
- Tail head fat and muscle depths of gluteal and longissimus dorsi were measured using ultrasound (US).
- The processed scans were then truncated to isolate torso and hindquarter regions.
- Algorithms were subsequently used for volume calculation.
Correlation and Analysis Results
- The volume measurements of the recorded scans demonstrated healthy repeatability and exhibited a correlation to body weight, estimated body volume, and muscle/fat depth as assessed by ultrasound.
- Bland-Altman analysis and Pearson’s correlation were used to analyze the correlation between torso and hindquarter volume, body weight, and estimated body volume.
- The 3D scans provided data with less than a 3.5% margin of error, showing strong correlation levels with body weight for both torso (R = 0.90) and hindquarter volume (R = 0.82).
- The correlations between body volume (R = 0.91) and the mean muscle depth measurements by ultrasound (R = 0.4) showed lower bias.
Interpretation and Implications of the Findings
- Although the 3D scans provided data of body volume, it’s crucial to note they didn’t specifically measure muscle volume.
- Nevertheless, the research shows that the hand-held 3D scanning technique can provide a quick and reliable measure of the torso and hindquarter volume in horses.
- The strong correlation between the volume measurements and body weight pointed towards the potential of this method in tracking muscle development, especially when the depth of tail head fat remains unchanged.
- In the realm of equine performance where muscle mass significantly impacts results, this method could serve as a practical means to follow muscle development over time.
Cite This Article
APA
Valberg SJ, Borer Matsui AK, Firshman AM, Bookbinder L, Katzman SA, Finno CJ.
(2020).
3 Dimensional photonic scans for measuring body volume and muscle mass in the standing horse.
PLoS One, 15(2), e0229656.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229656 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America.
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America.
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America.
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America.
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.
MeSH Terms
- Adipose Tissue / anatomy & histology
- Animals
- Body Weight
- Female
- Horses / anatomy & histology
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional / instrumentation
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional / methods
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional / veterinary
- Male
- Muscles / anatomy & histology
- Optical Devices / veterinary
- Ultrasonography / veterinary
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Pratt-Phillips S, Munjizun A. Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Feb 14;13(4).
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