FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Tropical animal health and production2021; 53(4); 414; doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0

A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease.

Abstract: Avian chlamydiosis is one of the important neglected diseases with critical zoonotic potential. Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent, affects most categories of birds, livestock, companion animals, and humans. It has many obscured characters and epidemiological dimensions, which makes it unique among other bacterial agents. Recent reports on transmission from equine to humans alarmed the public health authorities, and it necessitates the importance of routine screening of this infectious disease. High prevalence of spill-over infection in equines was associated with reproductive losses. Newer avian chlamydial species are being reported in the recent years. It is a potential biological warfare agent and the disease is an occupational hazard mainly to custom officers handling exotic birds. Prevalence of the disease in wild birds, pet birds, and poultry causes economic losses to the poultry industry and the pet bird trade. Interestingly, there are speculations on the 'legal' and 'illegal' bird trade that may be the global source of some of the most virulent strains of this pathogen. The mortality rate generally ranges from 5 to 40% in untreated cases, but it can sometimes be higher in co-infection. The intracellular lifestyle of this pathogen makes the diagnosis more complicated and there is also lack of accurate diagnostics. Resistance to antibiotics is reported only in some pathogens of the Chlamydiaceae family, but routine screening may assess the actual situation in all pathogens. Due to the diverse nature of the pathogen, the organism necessitates the One Health partnerships to have complete understanding. The present review focuses on the zoonotic aspects of avian chlamydiosis with its new insights into the pathogenesis, transmission, treatment, prevention, and control strategies. The review also briefs on the basic understandings and complex epidemiology of avian chlamydiosis, highlighting the need for research on emerging one health perspectives.
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-07-27 PubMed ID: 34312716PubMed Central: PMC8313243DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides an extensive review on avian chlamydiosis, a neglected disease with significant zoonotic potential. It explores the characteristics, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease, including its impact on both animals and humans.

Overview of Avian Chlamydiosis

  • Avian Chlamydiosis, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, affects a variety of birds, livestock, companion animals, and humans.
  • The study calls the disease a neglected one, with significant zoonotic potential, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans.
  • The disease has unique characteristics and epidemiological dimensions, which contributes to its obscurity.

Transmission and Impact

  • Recent reports of transmission from horses to humans have raised public health concerns, stressing the need for routine disease screening.
  • The disease has been associated with reproductive losses in affected horses, causing concern in the equine industry.
  • The disease is considered an occupational hazard for customs officers who handle exotic birds and can cause significant economic losses in the poultry and pet bird trade.
  • Mortality rates for avian chlamydiosis range from 5% to 40% in untreated cases, rising in situations of co-infection.

Diagnosis and Treatment

  • The bacteria’s intracellular lifestyle complicates diagnosis procedures and there is a documented lack of accurate diagnostic methods.
  • There are reports of resistance to antibiotics in some pathogens of the Chlamydiaceae family, which includes Chlamydia psittaci.

One Health Approach

  • The study highlights the need for a One Health approach due to the diverse nature of the pathogen. One Health is a multisectoral approach that aims to achieve optimal health outcomes by recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants and their shared environment.
  • The review emphasizes the understanding of the disease’s basic aspects, complex epidemiology, and the need for research on emerging one health perspectives.

Cite This Article

APA
Ravichandran K, Anbazhagan S, Karthik K, Angappan M, Dhayananth B. (2021). A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease. Trop Anim Health Prod, 53(4), 414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0

Publication

Tropical animal health and production
ISSN: 1573-7438
NlmUniqueID: 1277355
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 53
Issue: 4
Pages: 414
PII: 414

Researcher Affiliations

Ravichandran, Karthikeyan
  • Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. karthi6162@gmail.com.
Anbazhagan, Subbaiyan
  • Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
Karthik, Kumaragurubaran
  • Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
Angappan, Madesh
  • Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
Dhayananth, Balusamy
  • Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bird Diseases / epidemiology
  • Birds
  • Horse Diseases
  • Horses
  • Neglected Diseases / veterinary
  • Psittacosis / epidemiology
  • Psittacosis / veterinary
  • Zoonoses / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

This article includes 145 references
  1. Andersen AA. Serotyping of Chlamydia psittaci isolates using serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies with the microimmunofluorescence test.. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Apr;29(4):707-11.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.4.707-711.1991pmc: PMC269857pubmed: 1890172google scholar: lookup
  2. Andersen A, Vanrompay D. Avian chlamydiosis (Psittacosis, ornithosis) In: Saif Y, Barnes H, Fadly A, Glisson J, McDougald L, Swayne D, editors. Diseases of poultry. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press; 2003. pp. 863–879.
  3. Arenas-Valls N, Chacón S, Pérez A, Del Pozo R. Atypical Chlamydia Psittaci Pneumonia. Four Related Cases.. Arch Bronconeumol 2017 May;53(5):277-279.
    doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2016.10.006pubmed: 27940015google scholar: lookup
  4. Arnaud, J. and Van Wettere, 2020. Avian Chlamydiosis (Psittacosis, Ornithosis, Parrot Fever). https://www.merckvetmanual.com/poultry/avian-chlamydiosis/avian-chlamydiosis.
  5. Balsamo G, Maxted AM, Midla JW, Murphy JM, Wohrle R, Edling TM, Fish PH, Flammer K, Hyde D, Kutty PK, Kobayashi M, Helm B, Oiulfstad B, Ritchie BW, Stobierski MG, Ehnert K, Tully TN Jr. Compendium of Measures to Control Chlamydia psittaci Infection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017.. J Avian Med Surg 2017 Sep;31(3):262-282.
    pubmed: 28891690doi: 10.1647/217-265google scholar: lookup
  6. Bedson SP, Bland JOW. A morphological study of psittacosis virus, with the description of a developmental cycle.. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 1932;13:461–466.
  7. Bedson SP, Western GT, Simpson SL. Observations on the ethiology of psittacosis.. Lancet 1930;1:235–236.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)87345-6google scholar: lookup
  8. Beeckman DS, Vanrompay DC. Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009 Jan;15(1):11-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.xpubmed: 19220335google scholar: lookup
  9. Belmas, S. Viaie y aventuras en el nuevo mundo. Madrid, 1714, 61.
  10. Berk Y, Klaassen CH, Mouton JW, Meis JF. [An outbreak of psittacosis at a bird-fanciers fair in the Netherlands].. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2008 Aug 23;152(34):1889-92.
    pubmed: 18788682
  11. Bhardwaj B, Chahota R, Gupta S, Malik P, Sharma M. Identification of chlamydial strains causing abortions and pneumonia in sheep and goat flocks during trans Himalayan seasonal migration in the northern region of India.. Veterinarski Arhiv 2017;87(2):151–170.
  12. Bommana S, Polkinghorne A. Mini Review: Antimicrobial Control of Chlamydial Infections in Animals: Current Practices and Issues.. Front Microbiol 2019;10:113.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00113pmc: PMC6369208pubmed: 30778341google scholar: lookup
  13. Borel N, Polkinghorne A, Pospischil A. A Review on Chlamydial Diseases in Animals: Still a Challenge for Pathologists?. Vet Pathol 2018 May;55(3):374-390.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985817751218pubmed: 29310550google scholar: lookup
  14. Branley J, Bachmann NL, Jelocnik M, Myers GS, Polkinghorne A. Australian human and parrot Chlamydia psittaci strains cluster within the highly virulent 6BC clade of this important zoonotic pathogen.. Sci Rep 2016 Aug 4;6:30019.
    doi: 10.1038/srep30019pmc: PMC4973220pubmed: 27488134google scholar: lookup
  15. Braukmann M, Sachse K, Jacobsen ID, Westermann M, Menge C, Saluz HP, Berndt A. Distinct intensity of host-pathogen interactions in Chlamydia psittaci- and Chlamydia abortus-infected chicken embryos.. Infect Immun 2012 Sep;80(9):2976-88.
    doi: 10.1128/IAI.00437-12pmc: PMC3418749pubmed: 22689815google scholar: lookup
  16. Burnard D, Polkinghorne A. Chlamydial infections in wildlife-conservation threats and/or reservoirs of 'spill-over' infections?. Vet Microbiol 2016 Nov 30;196:78-84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.018pubmed: 27939160google scholar: lookup
  17. Campbell TW. Normal avian cytology.. 2015. pp. 219–227.
  18. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/psittacosis.html
  19. . Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds (avian chlamydiosis), 2000. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.. MMWR Recomm Rep 2000 Jul 14;49(RR-8):3-17.
    pubmed: 10914931
  20. CDC (Centers for disease control and prevention), 2020. Psittacosis. Clinical Features and Complications Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/psittacosis/hcp/clinical-featurescomplications.html (Accessed on 01.06.2020).
  21. Chahota R, Gupta S, Bhardwaj B, Malik P, Verma S, Sharma AM. Seroprevalence studies on animal chlamydiosis amongst ruminants in five states of India.. Vet World 2015 Jan;8(1):72-5.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.72-75pmc: PMC4777815pubmed: 27047000google scholar: lookup
  22. Chahota Rajesh, Katoch RC, Batta MK. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci among feral birds in Himachal Pradesh.. Indian Journal of Animal Research 1997;12:89–94.
  23. Chan J, Doyle B, Branley J, Sheppeard V, Gabor M, Viney K, Quinn H, Janover O, McCready M, Heller J. An outbreak of psittacosis at a veterinary school demonstrating a novel source of infection.. One Health 2017 Jun;3:29-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.02.003pmc: PMC5454149pubmed: 28616500google scholar: lookup
  24. Chanudet E, Zhou Y, Bacon CM, Wotherspoon AC, Müller-Hermelink HK, Adam P, Dong HY, de Jong D, Li Y, Wei R, Gong X, Wu Q, Ranaldi R, Goteri G, Pileri SA, Ye H, Hamoudi RA, Liu H, Radford J, Du MQ. Chlamydia psittaci is variably associated with ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma in different geographical regions.. J Pathol 2006 Jul;209(3):344-51.
    doi: 10.1002/path.1984pubmed: 16583361google scholar: lookup
  25. Cheong HC, Lee CYQ, Cheok YY, Tan GMY, Looi CY, Wong WF. Chlamydiaceae: Diseases in Primary Hosts and Zoonosis.. Microorganisms 2019 May 24;7(5).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7050146pmc: PMC6560403pubmed: 31137741google scholar: lookup
  26. Chu J, Guo Y, Xu G, Zhang Q, Zuo Z, Li Q, Wang Y, He C. Chlamydia psittaci Triggers the Invasion of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus by Impairing the Functions of Chicken Macrophages.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Apr 21;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10040722pmc: PMC7222846pubmed: 32326284google scholar: lookup
  27. Circella E, Pugliese N, Todisco G, Cafiero MA, Sparagano OA, Camarda A. Chlamydia psittaci infection in canaries heavily infested by Dermanyssus gallinae.. Exp Appl Acarol 2011 Dec;55(4):329-38.
    doi: 10.1007/s10493-011-9478-9pubmed: 21761223google scholar: lookup
  28. Collina F, De Chiara A, De Renzo A, De Rosa G, Botti G, Franco R. Chlamydia psittaci in ocular adnexa MALT lymphoma: a possible role in lymphomagenesis and a different geographical distribution.. Infect Agent Cancer 2012 Apr 2;7:8.
    doi: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-8pmc: PMC3355003pubmed: 22472082google scholar: lookup
  29. Costerton JW, Poffenroth L, Wilt JC, Kordová N. Ultrastructural studies of the nucleoids of the pleomorphic forms of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC: a comparison with bacteria.. Can J Microbiol 1976 Jan;22(1):16-28.
    doi: 10.1139/m76-003pubmed: 56212google scholar: lookup
  30. Dean D, Rothschild J, Ruettger A, Kandel RP, Sachse K. Zoonotic Chlamydiaceae species associated with trachoma, Nepal.. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Dec;19(12):1948-55.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1912.130656pmc: PMC3840858pubmed: 24274654google scholar: lookup
  31. Dickx V, Geens T, Deschuyffeleer T, Tyberghien L, Harkinezhad T, Beeckman DS, Braeckman L, Vanrompay D. Chlamydophila psittaci zoonotic risk assessment in a chicken and turkey slaughterhouse.. J Clin Microbiol 2010 Sep;48(9):3244-50.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00698-10pmc: PMC2937692pubmed: 20592139google scholar: lookup
  32. Dumke R, Schnee C, Pletz MW, Rupp J, Jacobs E, Sachse K, Rohde G. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia spp. infection in community-acquired pneumonia, Germany, 2011-2012.. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 Mar;21(3):426-34.
    pmc: PMC4344269pubmed: 25693633doi: 10.3201/eid2103.140927google scholar: lookup
  33. EDDIE B, MEYER KF, LAMBRECHT FL, FURMAN DP. Isolation of ornithosis bedsoniae from mites collected in turkey quarters and from chicken lice.. J Infect Dis 1962 May-Jun;110:231-7.
    pubmed: 13889127doi: 10.1093/infdis/110.3.231google scholar: lookup
  34. Elwell C, Mirrashidi K, Engel J. Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis.. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016 Jun;14(6):385-400.
    doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.30pmc: PMC4886739pubmed: 27108705google scholar: lookup
  35. Engering A, Geijtenbeek TB, van Vliet SJ, Wijers M, van Liempt E, Demaurex N, Lanzavecchia A, Fransen J, Figdor CG, Piguet V, van Kooyk Y. The dendritic cell-specific adhesion receptor DC-SIGN internalizes antigen for presentation to T cells.. J Immunol 2002 Mar 1;168(5):2118-26.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2118pubmed: 11859097google scholar: lookup
  36. European Commission, 2002. Avian chlamydiosis as a zoonotic disease and risk reduction strategies, Science Communications Animal Health Animal Welfare, 26.
  37. Everett KD, Bush RM, Andersen AA. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms.. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999 Apr;49 Pt 2:415-40.
    pubmed: 10319462doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-2-415google scholar: lookup
  38. Everett KD, Hornung LJ, Andersen AA. Rapid detection of the Chlamydiaceae and other families in the order Chlamydiales: three PCR tests.. J Clin Microbiol 1999 Mar;37(3):575-80.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.37.3.575-580.1999pmc: PMC84475pubmed: 9986815google scholar: lookup
  39. Fedorko DP, Clark RB, Nachamkin I, Dalton HP. Complement dependent in vitro neutralization of Chlamydia trachomatis by a subspecies-specific monoclonal antibody.. Med Microbiol Immunol 1987;176(4):225-8.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00196690pubmed: 3614096google scholar: lookup
  40. Feng Y, Feng YM, Zhang ZH, Wu SX, Zhong DB, Liu CJ. Prevalence and genotype of Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of birds from zoos and pet markets in Kunming. Yunnan, China. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B 2016;17(4):311–316.
    doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1500091google scholar: lookup
  41. Floriano AM, Rigamonti S, Comandatore F, Scaltriti E, Longbottom D, Livingstone M, Laroucau K, Gaffuri A, Pongolini S, Magnino S, Vicari N. Complete Genome Sequence of Chlamydia avium PV 4360/2, Isolated from a Feral Pigeon in Italy.. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020 Apr 16;9(16).
    pmc: PMC7163028pubmed: 32299890doi: 10.1128/mra.01509-19google scholar: lookup
  42. Gaede W, Reckling KF, Dresenkamp B, Kenklies S, Schubert E, Noack U, Irmscher HM, Ludwig C, Hotzel H, Sachse K. Chlamydophila psittaci infections in humans during an outbreak of psittacosis from poultry in Germany.. Zoonoses Public Health 2008 May;55(4):184-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01108.xpubmed: 18387139google scholar: lookup
  43. Goellner S, Schubert E, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hotzel H, Saluz HP, Sachse K. Transcriptional response patterns of Chlamydophila psittaci in different in vitro models of persistent infection.. Infect Immun 2006 Aug;74(8):4801-8.
    doi: 10.1128/IAI.01487-05pmc: PMC1539575pubmed: 16861668google scholar: lookup
  44. Gough SL, Carrick J, Raidal SL, Keane S, Collins N, Cudmore L, Russell CM, Raidal S, Hughes KJ. Chlamydia psittaci infection as a cause of respiratory disease in neonatal foals.. Equine Vet J 2020 Mar;52(2):244-249.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13170pubmed: 31436332google scholar: lookup
  45. Greub G. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of the Chlamydiae: minutes of the inaugural closed meeting, 21 March 2009, Little Rock, AR, USA.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010 Nov;60(Pt 11):2691-2693.
    pubmed: 21048221doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.028225-0google scholar: lookup
  46. Grinblat-Huse V, Drabek EF, Creasy HH, Daugherty SC, Jones KM, Santana-Cruz I, Tallon LJ, Read TD, Hatch TP, Bavoil P, Myers GS. Genome sequences of the zoonotic pathogens Chlamydia psittaci 6BC and Cal10.. J Bacteriol 2011 Aug;193(15):4039-40.
    doi: 10.1128/JB.05277-11pmc: PMC3147492pubmed: 21622741google scholar: lookup
  47. Guo W, Li J, Kaltenboeck B, Gong J, Fan W, Wang C. Chlamydia gallinacea, not C. psittaci, is the endemic chlamydial species in chicken (Gallus gallus).. Sci Rep 2016 Jan 18;6:19638.
    pmc: PMC4726042pubmed: 26778053doi: 10.1038/srep19638google scholar: lookup
  48. Halsby KD, Walsh AL, Campbell C, Hewitt K, Morgan D. Healthy animals, healthy people: zoonosis risk from animal contact in pet shops, a systematic review of the literature.. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e89309.
    pmc: PMC3935869pubmed: 24586679doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089309google scholar: lookup
  49. Harkinezhad T, Geens T, Vanrompay D. Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: a review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Mar 16;135(1-2):68-77.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.046pubmed: 19054633google scholar: lookup
  50. Herrmann B, Pettersson B, Everett KD, Mikkelsen NE, Kirsebom LA. Characterization of the rnpB gene and RNase P RNA in the order Chlamydiales.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000 Jan;50 Pt 1:149-158.
    doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-1-149pubmed: 10826799google scholar: lookup
  51. Hogerwerf L, DE Gier B, Baan B, VAN DER Hoek W. Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Nov;145(15):3096-3105.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268817002060pubmed: 28946931google scholar: lookup
  52. Hogerwerf L, Roof I, de Jong MJK, Dijkstra F, van der Hoek W. Animal sources for zoonotic transmission of psittacosis: a systematic review.. BMC Infect Dis 2020 Mar 4;20(1):192.
    doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-4918-ypmc: PMC7057575pubmed: 32131753google scholar: lookup
  53. Horn M. Class I. Chlamydiia class. nov.. 2010, p. 844.
  54. Huang J, DeGraves FJ, Gao D, Feng P, Schlapp T, Kaltenboeck B. Quantitative detection of Chlamydia spp. by fluorescent PCR in the LightCycler.. Biotechniques 2001 Jan;30(1):150-7.
    pubmed: 11196306doi: 10.2144/01301rr03google scholar: lookup
  55. Isaksson J, Christerson L, Blomqvist M, Wille M, Alladio LA, Sachse K, Olsen B, González-Acuña D, Herrmann B. Chlamydiaceae-like bacterium, but no Chlamydia psittaci, in sea birds from Antarctica.. Polar Biology 2015;38(11):1931–1936.
    doi: 10.1007/s00300-015-1748-2google scholar: lookup
  56. Ito I, Ishida T, Mishima M, Osawa M, Arita M, Hashimoto T, Kishimoto T. Familial cases of psittacosis: possible person-to-person transmission.. Intern Med 2002 Jul;41(7):580-3.
    doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.41.580pubmed: 12132529google scholar: lookup
  57. Jelocnik M, Jenkins C, O'Rourke B, Barnwell J, Polkinghorne A. Molecular evidence to suggest pigeon-type Chlamydia psittaci in association with an equine foal loss.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018 Jun;65(3):911-915.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12817pubmed: 29352509google scholar: lookup
  58. Jenkins C, Jelocnik M, Micallef ML, Galea F, Taylor-Brown A, Bogema DR, Liu M, O'Rourke B, Chicken C, Carrick J, Polkinghorne A. An epizootic of Chlamydia psittaci equine reproductive loss associated with suspected spillover from native Australian parrots.. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018 May 16;7(1):88.
    doi: 10.1038/s41426-018-0089-ypmc: PMC5953950pubmed: 29765033google scholar: lookup
  59. Johnson FW, Hobson D. Intracerebral infection of mice with ovine strains of Chlamydia psittaci: an animal screening test for the assay of vaccines.. J Comp Pathol 1986 Sep;96(5):497-505.
    doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(86)90070-8pubmed: 3760263google scholar: lookup
  60. Joseph SJ, Marti H, Didelot X, Read TD, Dean D. Tetracycline Selective Pressure and Homologous Recombination Shape the Evolution of Chlamydia suis: A Recently Identified Zoonotic Pathogen.. Genome Biol Evol 2016 Sep 2;8(8):2613-23.
    doi: 10.1093/gbe/evw182pmc: PMC5010913pubmed: 27576537google scholar: lookup
  61. Kaleta EF, Taday EM. Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology.. Avian Pathol 2003 Oct;32(5):435-61.
    pubmed: 14522700doi: 10.1080/03079450310001593613google scholar: lookup
  62. Karunakaran K, Subbarayal P, Vollmuth N, Rudel T. Chlamydia-infected cells shed Gp96 to prevent chlamydial re-infection.. Mol Microbiol 2015 Nov;98(4):694-711.
    doi: 10.1111/mmi.13151pubmed: 26235316google scholar: lookup
  63. Knittler MR, Sachse K. Chlamydia psittaci: update on an underestimated zoonotic agent.. Pathog Dis 2015 Feb;73(1):1-15.
    doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftu007pubmed: 25853998google scholar: lookup
  64. Sachse K, Vretou E, Livingstone M, Borel N, Pospischil A, Longbottom D. Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Mar 16;135(1-2):2-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.040pubmed: 18986778google scholar: lookup
  65. Krawiec M, Piasecki T, Wieliczko A. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci and Other Chlamydia Species in Wild Birds in Poland.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015 Nov;15(11):652-5.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1814pmc: PMC4652173pubmed: 26501593google scholar: lookup
  66. Kumar R, Sharma M, Katoch V, Dhar P, Thakur A, Gandhi A. Observations on chlamydiosis and brucellosis in Spiti poines of Himachal Pradesh.. CENTAUR-MADRAS 2007;23(4):70.
  67. Laroucau K, Aaziz R, Meurice L, Servas V, Chossat I, Royer H, de Barbeyrac B, Vaillant V, Moyen JL, Meziani F, Sachse K, Rolland P. Outbreak of psittacosis in a group of women exposed to Chlamydia psittaci-infected chickens.. Euro Surveill 2015 Jun 18;20(24).
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.24.21155pubmed: 26111240google scholar: lookup
  68. Laroucau K, de Barbeyrac B, Vorimore F, Clerc M, Bertin C, Harkinezhad T, Verminnen K, Obeniche F, Capek I, Bébéar C, Durand B, Zanella G, Vanrompay D, Garin-Bastuji B, Sachse K. Chlamydial infections in duck farms associated with human cases of psittacosis in France.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Mar 16;135(1-2):82-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.048pubmed: 18947944google scholar: lookup
  69. Laroucau K, Vorimore F, Aaziz R, Berndt A, Schubert E, Sachse K. Isolation of a new chlamydial agent from infected domestic poultry coincided with cases of atypical pneumonia among slaughterhouse workers in France.. Infect Genet Evol 2009 Dec;9(6):1240-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.08.005pubmed: 19715775google scholar: lookup
  70. Laroucau K, Vorimore F, Aaziz R, Solmonson L, Hsia RC, Bavoil PM, Fach P, Hölzer M, Wuenschmann A, Sachse K. Chlamydia buteonis, a new Chlamydia species isolated from a red-shouldered hawk.. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019 Sep;42(5):125997.
    pubmed: 31257045doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.06.002google scholar: lookup
  71. Lenzko H, Moog U, Henning K, Lederbach R, Diller R, Menge C, Sachse K, Sprague LD. High frequency of chlamydial co-infections in clinically healthy sheep flocks.. BMC Vet Res 2011 Jun 16;7:29.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-29pmc: PMC3125319pubmed: 21679409google scholar: lookup
  72. Leonard CA, Schoborg RV, Borel N. Productive and Penicillin-Stressed Chlamydia pecorum Infection Induces Nuclear Factor Kappa B Activation and Interleukin-6 Secretion In Vitro.. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:180.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00180pmc: PMC5425588pubmed: 28553623google scholar: lookup
  73. Li J, Guo W, Kaltenboeck B, Sachse K, Yang Y, Lu G, Zhang J, Luan L, You J, Huang K, Qiu H, Wang Y, Li M, Yang Z, Wang C. Chlamydia pecorum is the endemic intestinal species in cattle while C. gallinacea, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae associate with sporadic systemic infection.. Vet Microbiol 2016 Sep 25;193:93-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.008pubmed: 27599935google scholar: lookup
  74. Li L, Luther M, Macklin K, Pugh D, Li J, Zhang J, Roberts J, Kaltenboeck B, Wang C. Chlamydia gallinacea: a widespread emerging Chlamydia agent with zoonotic potential in backyard poultry.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Oct;145(13):2701-2703.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268817001650pubmed: 28768558google scholar: lookup
  75. Li Z, Liu P, Hou J, Xu G, Zhang J, Lei Y, Lou Z, Liang L, Wen Y, Zhou J. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia ibidis in the Endangered Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon).. Epidemiol Infect 2020 Jan 8;148:e1.
    pmc: PMC7019082pubmed: 31910921doi: 10.1017/s0950268819002231google scholar: lookup
  76. Liang M, Wen Y, Ran O, Chen L, Wang C, Li L, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Chen C, Wu Y. Protective immunity induced by recombinant protein CPSIT_p8 of Chlamydia psittaci.. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016 Jul;100(14):6385-6393.
    doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7494-8pubmed: 27052378google scholar: lookup
  77. Lin W, Chen T, Liao L, Wang Z, Xiao J, Lu J, Song C, Qin J, Chen F, Chang YF, Xie Q. A parrot-type Chlamydia psittaci strain is in association with egg production drop in laying ducks.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019 Sep;66(5):2002-2010.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.13248pubmed: 31127977google scholar: lookup
  78. Liu S, Sun W, Chu J, Huang X, Wu Z, Yan M, Zhang Q, Zhao P, Igietseme JU, Black CM, He C, Li Y. Construction of Recombinant HVT Expressing PmpD, and Immunological Evaluation against Chlamydia psittaci and Marek's Disease Virus.. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0124992.
    pmc: PMC4404326pubmed: 25893439doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124992google scholar: lookup
  79. Loots K, Vleugels B, Ons E, Vanrompay D, Goddeeris BM. Evaluation of the persistence and gene expression of an anti-Chlamydophila psittaci DNA vaccine in turkey muscle.. BMC Vet Res 2006 Jun 9;2:18.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-18pmc: PMC1524740pubmed: 16764710google scholar: lookup
  80. Madani SA, Peighambari SM. PCR-based diagnosis, molecular characterization and detection of atypical strains of avian Chlamydia psittaci in companion and wild birds.. Avian Pathol 2013 Feb;42(1):38-44.
    doi: 10.1080/03079457.2012.757288pubmed: 23391180google scholar: lookup
  81. Marti H, Borel N, Dean D, Leonard CA. Evaluating the Antibiotic Susceptibility of Chlamydia - New Approaches for in Vitro Assays.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1414.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01414pmc: PMC6037721pubmed: 30018602google scholar: lookup
  82. Matsui T, Nakashima K, Ohyama T, Kobayashi J, Arima Y, Kishimoto T, Ogawa M, Cai Y, Shiga S, Ando S, Kurane I, Tabara K, Itagaki A, Nitta N, Fukushi H, Matsumoto A, Okabe N. An outbreak of psittacosis in a bird park in Japan.. Epidemiol Infect 2008 Apr;136(4):492-5.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268807008783pmc: PMC2870830pubmed: 17559693google scholar: lookup
  83. Matsumoto A, Manire GP. Electron Microscopic Observations on the Fine Structure of Cell Walls of Chlamydia psittaci.. J Bacteriol 1970 Dec;104(3):1332-7.
    doi: 10.1128/jb.104.3.1332-1337.1970pmc: PMC248296pubmed: 16559112google scholar: lookup
  84. Mattmann P, Marti H, Borel N, Jelocnik M, Albini S, Vogler BR. Chlamydiaceae in wild, feral and domestic pigeons in Switzerland and insight into population dynamics by Chlamydia psittaci multilocus sequence typing.. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0226088.
    pmc: PMC6936790pubmed: 31887111doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226088google scholar: lookup
  85. McGuigan CC, McIntyre PG, Templeton K. Psittacosis outbreak in Tayside, Scotland, December 2011 to February 2012.. Euro Surveill 2012 May 31;17(22).
    doi: 10.2807/ese.17.22.20186-enpubmed: 22687915google scholar: lookup
  86. Meyer KF, Eddie B. Latent psittacosis infections in shell parrakeets.. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1933;30(4):484–488.
    doi: 10.3181/00379727-30-6539google scholar: lookup
  87. Mitura A, Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Niemczuk K, Anara J. Chlamydia in birds-occurrence, new species and zoonotic potential–a review.. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 2014;58(4):503–506.
    doi: 10.2478/bvip-2014-0076google scholar: lookup
  88. Morange, A., 1895. De la psittacose, ou infection speciale determine´e par des perruches. Thesis/Dissertation.
  89. Newman CP, Palmer SR, Kirby FD, Caul EO. A prolonged outbreak of ornithosis in duck processors.. Epidemiol Infect 1992 Feb;108(1):203-10.
    doi: 10.1017/S0950268800049657pmc: PMC2272187pubmed: 1547838google scholar: lookup
  90. Nichols RL, Murray ES, Nisson PE. Use of enteric vaccines in protection against chlamydial infections of the genital tract and the eye of guinea pigs.. J Infect Dis 1978 Dec;138(6):742-6.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/138.6.742pubmed: 739153google scholar: lookup
  91. OIE, 2018. Terrestrial Manual, Avian Chlamydiosis.
  92. Ornelas-Eusebio E, Garcia-Espinosa G, Vorimore F, Aaziz R, Durand B, Laroucau K, Zanella G. Cross-sectional study on Chlamydiaceae prevalence and associated risk factors on commercial and backyard poultry farms in Mexico.. Prev Vet Med 2020 Mar;176:104922.
    pubmed: 32062044doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104922google scholar: lookup
  93. Phillips S, Quigley BL, Timms P. Seventy Years of Chlamydia Vaccine Research - Limitations of the Past and Directions for the Future.. Front Microbiol 2019;10:70.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00070pmc: PMC6365973pubmed: 30766521google scholar: lookup
  94. Polkinghorne A, Greub G. A new equine and zoonotic threat emerges from an old avian pathogen, Chlamydia psittaci.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017 Oct;23(10):693-694.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.025pubmed: 28583739google scholar: lookup
  95. Polkinghorne A, Weston KM, Branley J. Recent history of psittacosis in Australia: expanding our understanding of the epidemiology of this important globally distributed zoonotic disease.. Intern Med J 2020 Feb;50(2):246-249.
    doi: 10.1111/imj.14726pubmed: 32037712google scholar: lookup
  96. Pospischil A. From disease to etiology: historical aspects of Chlamydia-related diseases in animals and humans.. Drugs Today (Barc) 2009 Nov;45 Suppl B:141-6.
    pubmed: 20011706
  97. Prohl A, Lohr M, Ostermann C, Liebler-Tenorio E, Berndt A, Schroedl W, Rothe M, Schubert E, Sachse K, Reinhold P. Enrofloxacin and macrolides alone or in combination with rifampicin as antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection.. PLoS One 2015;10(3):e0119736.
    pmc: PMC4358964pubmed: 25768665doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119736google scholar: lookup
  98. Qiu C, Zhou J, Cao XA, Lin G, Zheng F, Gong X. Immunization trials with an avian chlamydial MOMP gene recombinant adenovirus.. Bioeng Bugs 2010 Jul-Aug;1(4):267-73.
    doi: 10.4161/bbug.1.4.12115pmc: PMC3026466pubmed: 21327059google scholar: lookup
  99. Radomski N, Einenkel R, Müller A, Knittler MR. Chlamydia-host cell interaction not only from a bird's eye view: some lessons from Chlamydia psittaci.. FEBS Lett 2016 Nov;590(21):3920-3940.
    doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.12295pubmed: 27397851google scholar: lookup
  100. Ramsay EC. The psittacosis outbreak of 1929–1930.. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 2003;17(4):235–237.
    doi: 10.1647/1082-6742(2003)017[0235:TPOO]2.0.CO;2google scholar: lookup
  101. Ran O, Liang M, Yu J, Yu M, Song Y, Yimou W. Recombinant protein CPSIT_0846 induces protective immunity against Chlamydia psittaci infection in BALB/c mice.. Pathog Dis 2017 Apr 1;75(3).
    pubmed: 28204474doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftx018google scholar: lookup
  102. Rattan S, Katoch RC, Sharma M, Dhar P, Chahota R, Singh M. Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from cervidae in north-western himalayan region.. Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases 2005;26(2):103–104.
  103. Rehn M, Ringberg H, Runehagen A, Herrmann B, Olsen B, Petersson AC, Hjertqvist M, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Wallensten A. Unusual increase of psittacosis in southern Sweden linked to wild bird exposure, January to April 2013.. Euro Surveill 2013 May 9;18(19):20478.
    doi: 10.2807/ese.18.19.20478-enpubmed: 23725809google scholar: lookup
  104. Reinhold, P., 2013. Overview of Chlamydiosis, Retreived from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/chlamydiosis/overview-of-chlamydiosis
  105. Reinhold P, Sachse K, Kaltenboeck B. Chlamydiaceae in cattle: commensals, trigger organisms, or pathogens?. Vet J 2011 Sep;189(3):257-67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.003pubmed: 20980178google scholar: lookup
  106. Ritter J. Über pneumotyphus, eine hausepidemie in uster.. Arch. Klin. Med. 1879;25:53.
  107. Robertson T, Bibby S, O'Rourke D, Belfiore T, Agnew-Crumpton R, Noormohammadi AH. Identification of Chlamydial species in crocodiles and chickens by PCR-HRM curve analysis.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Oct 26;145(3-4):373-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.007pubmed: 20570064google scholar: lookup
  108. Rodolakis A, Yousef Mohamad K. Zoonotic potential of Chlamydophila.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jan 27;140(3-4):382-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.014pubmed: 19345022google scholar: lookup
  109. Rotz LD, Khan AS, Lillibridge SR, Ostroff SM, Hughes JM. Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents.. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Feb;8(2):225-30.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0802.010164pmc: PMC2732458pubmed: 11897082google scholar: lookup
  110. Rybarczyk J, Versteele C, Lernout T, Vanrompay D. Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium.. Acta Clin Belg 2020 Feb;75(1):42-48.
    doi: 10.1080/17843286.2019.1590889pubmed: 30882289google scholar: lookup
  111. Sachse K, Bavoil PM, Kaltenboeck B, Stephens RS, Kuo CC, Rosselló-Móra R, Horn M. Emendation of the family Chlamydiaceae: proposal of a single genus, Chlamydia, to include all currently recognized species.. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015 Mar;38(2):99-103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.004pubmed: 25618261google scholar: lookup
  112. Sachse K, Laroucau K, Vanrompay D. Avian chlamydiosis.. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports 2015;2(1):10–21.
    doi: 10.1007/s40588-014-0010-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  113. Sachse K, Laroucau K, Riege K, Wehner S, Dilcher M, Creasy HH, Weidmann M, Myers G, Vorimore F, Vicari N, Magnino S, Liebler-Tenorio E, Ruettger A, Bavoil PM, Hufert FT, Rosselló-Móra R, Marz M. Evidence for the existence of two new members of the family Chlamydiaceae and proposal of Chlamydia avium sp. nov. and Chlamydia gallinacea sp. nov.. Syst Appl Microbiol 2014 Mar;37(2):79-88.
    pubmed: 24461712doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2013.12.004google scholar: lookup
  114. Sachse K, Vretou E, Livingstone M, Borel N, Pospischil A, Longbottom D. Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Mar 16;135(1-2):2-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.040pubmed: 18986778google scholar: lookup
  115. Seth-Smith HM, Wanninger S, Bachmann N, Marti H, Qi W, Donati M, di Francesco A, Polkinghorne A, Borel N. The Chlamydia suis Genome Exhibits High Levels of Diversity, Plasticity, and Mobile Antibiotic Resistance: Comparative Genomics of a Recent Livestock Cohort Shows Influence of Treatment Regimes.. Genome Biol Evol 2017 Mar 1;9(3):750-760.
    doi: 10.1093/gbe/evx043pmc: PMC5381551pubmed: 28338777google scholar: lookup
  116. Shivaprasad HL, Carnaccini S, Bland M, Aaziz R, Moeller R, Laroucau K. An Unusual Outbreak of Chlamydiosis in Commercial Turkeys Involving the Nasal Glands.. Avian Dis 2015 Jun;59(2):315-22.
    doi: 10.1637/11006-123014-Regpubmed: 26473684google scholar: lookup
  117. Szeredi L, Hotzel H, Sachse K. High prevalence of chlamydial (Chlamydophila psittaci) infection in fetal membranes of aborted equine fetuses.. Vet Res Commun 2005 Mar;29 Suppl 1:37-49.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-005-0835-1pubmed: 15943064google scholar: lookup
  118. Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Mitura A, Niemczuk K, Zaręba K, Jodełko A, Pluta A, Scharf S, Vitek B, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Laroucau K, Schnee C. Dissemination and genetic diversity of chlamydial agents in Polish wildfowl: Isolation and molecular characterisation of avian Chlamydia abortus strains.. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0174599.
    pmc: PMC5370153pubmed: 28350846doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174599google scholar: lookup
  119. Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Mitura A, Zaręba K, Schnee C, Koncicki A, Niemczuk K. Poultry in Poland as Chlamydiaceae Carrier.. J Vet Res 2017 Dec;61(4):411-419.
    doi: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0072pmc: PMC5937338pubmed: 29978103google scholar: lookup
  120. Taylor-Brown A, Polkinghorne A. New and emerging chlamydial infections of creatures great and small.. New Microbes New Infect 2017 Jul;18:28-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.04.004pmc: PMC5436083pubmed: 28560043google scholar: lookup
  121. Travaglino A, Pace M, Varricchio S, Della Pepa R, Iuliano A, Picardi M, Pane F, Staibano S, Mascolo M. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis Determined by Molecular Testing in Ocular Adnexa Lymphoma Specimens.. Am J Clin Pathol 2020 Mar 9;153(4):427-434.
    doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz181pubmed: 31755895google scholar: lookup
  122. Unterweger C, Schwarz L, Jelocnik M, Borel N, Brunthaler R, Inic-Kanada A, Marti H. Isolation of Tetracycline-Resistant Chlamydia suis from a Pig Herd Affected by Reproductive Disorders and Conjunctivitis.. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020 Apr 17;9(4).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9040187pmc: PMC7235844pubmed: 32316412google scholar: lookup
  123. Van Droogenbroeck C, Beeckman DS, Harkinezhad T, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Evaluation of the prophylactic use of ovotransferrin against chlamydiosis in SPF turkeys.. Vet Microbiol 2008 Dec 10;132(3-4):372-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.028pubmed: 18603383google scholar: lookup
  124. Van Droogenbroeck C, Dossche L, Wauman T, Van Lent S, Phan TT, Beeckman DS, Vanrompay D. Use of ovotransferrin as an antimicrobial in turkeys naturally infected with Chlamydia psittaci, avian metapneumovirus and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.. Vet Microbiol 2011 Dec 15;153(3-4):257-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.016pubmed: 21885218google scholar: lookup
  125. Van Droogenbroeck C, Van Risseghem M, Braeckman L, Vanrompay D. Evaluation of bioaerosol sampling techniques for the detection of Chlamydophila psittaci in contaminated air.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Mar 16;135(1-2):31-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.042pubmed: 18963601google scholar: lookup
  126. Van Lent S, De Vos WH, Huot Creasy H, Marques PX, Ravel J, Vanrompay D, Bavoil P, Hsia RC. Analysis of Polymorphic Membrane Protein Expression in Cultured Cells Identifies PmpA and PmpH of Chlamydia psittaci as Candidate Factors in Pathogenesis and Immunity to Infection.. PLoS One 2016;11(9):e0162392.
    pmc: PMC5025070pubmed: 27631978doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162392google scholar: lookup
  127. Vanrompay, D., 2020. Avian chlamydiosis, Diseases of poultry, 1086–1107.
  128. Vanrompay D, Andersen AA, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Serotyping of European isolates of Chlamydia psittaci from poultry and other birds.. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Jan;31(1):134-7.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.1.134-137.1993pmc: PMC262635pubmed: 8417017google scholar: lookup
  129. Vanrompay D, Cox E, Kaiser P, Lawson S, Van Loock M, Volckaert G, Goddeeris B. Protection of turkeys against Chlamydophila psittaci challenge by parenteral and mucosal inoculations and the effect of turkey interferon-gamma on genetic immunization.. Immunology 2001 May;103(1):106-12.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01215.xpmc: PMC1783210pubmed: 11380698google scholar: lookup
  130. Vanrompay D, Cox E, Vandenbussche F, Volckaert G, Goddeeris B. Protection of turkeys against Chlamydia psittaci challenge by gene gun-based DNA immunizations.. Vaccine 1999 Jun 4;17(20-21):2628-35.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00053-5pubmed: 10418912google scholar: lookup
  131. Vanrompay D, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Chlamydia psittaci infections: a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis.. Vet Microbiol 1995 Jul;45(2-3):93-119.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00033-7pubmed: 7571380google scholar: lookup
  132. Verminnen K, Van Loock M, Hafez HM, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Vanrompay D. Evaluation of a recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies in turkey sera.. Vet Res 2006 Jul-Aug;37(4):623-32.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2006023pubmed: 16701067google scholar: lookup
  133. Vorimore F, Hsia RC, Huot-Creasy H, Bastian S, Deruyter L, Passet A, Sachse K, Bavoil P, Myers G, Laroucau K. Isolation of a New Chlamydia species from the Feral Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus): Chlamydia ibidis.. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e74823.
    pmc: PMC3779242pubmed: 24073223doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074823google scholar: lookup
  134. Vorimore F, Thébault A, Poisson S, Cléva D, Robineau J, de Barbeyrac B, Durand B, Laroucau K. Chlamydia psittaci in ducks: a hidden health risk for poultry workers.. Pathog Dis 2015 Feb;73(1):1-9.
    doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftu016pubmed: 25854003google scholar: lookup
  135. Wallensten A, Fredlund H, Runehagen A. Multiple human-to-human transmission from a severe case of psittacosis, Sweden, January-February 2013.. Euro Surveill 2014 Oct 23;19(42).
    doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.42.20937pubmed: 25358043google scholar: lookup
  136. Wang X, Zhang NZ, Ma CF, Zhang XX, Zhao Q, Ni HB. Epidemiological Investigation and Genotype of Chlamydia Exposure in Pigeons in Three Provinces in Northern China.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018 Mar;18(3):181-184.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2214pubmed: 29350589google scholar: lookup
  137. Vande Weygaerde Y, Versteele C, Thijs E, De Spiegeleer A, Boelens J, Vanrompay D, Van Braeckel E, Vermaelen K. An unusual presentation of a case of human psittacosis.. Respir Med Case Rep 2018;23:138-142.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.01.010pmc: PMC5926501pubmed: 29719801google scholar: lookup
  138. Xue Y, Zheng H, Mai Z, Qin X, Chen W, Huang T, Chen D, Zheng L. An in vitro model of azithromycin-induced persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection.. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017 Aug 1;364(14).
    pubmed: 28854672doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnx145google scholar: lookup
  139. Yin L, Kalmar ID, Boden J, Vanrompay D. Chlamydia psittaci infections in Chinese poultry: a literature review.. World's Poultry Science Journal 2015;71(3):473–482.
    doi: 10.1017/S0043933915002226google scholar: lookup
  140. Yin L, Kalmar ID, Lagae S, Vandendriessche S, Vanderhaeghen W, Butaye P, Cox E, Vanrompay D. Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in the chicken industry and pathology of Chlamydia psittaci genotype B and D strains in specific pathogen free chickens.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Mar 23;162(2-4):740-749.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.026pubmed: 23098816google scholar: lookup
  141. You J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Gong J, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Zhang J, Sun Z, Li J, Guo W, Wang J, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang R, Yang Y, Ye J, Poudel A, Kaltenboeck B, Wang C. Efficient fecal-oral and possible vertical, but not respiratory, transmission of emerging Chlamydia gallinacea in broilers.. Vet Microbiol 2019 Mar;230:90-94.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.018pubmed: 30827411google scholar: lookup
  142. Yung AP, Grayson ML. Psittacosis--a review of 135 cases.. Med J Aust 1988 Mar 7;148(5):228-33.
    doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb99430.xpubmed: 3343952google scholar: lookup
  143. Zaręba-Marchewka K, Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Mitura A, Niemczuk K. Draft Genome Sequence of Avian Chlamydia abortus Genotype G1 Strain 15-70d24, Isolated from Eurasian Teal in Poland.. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019 Aug 15;8(33).
    doi: 10.1128/MRA.00658-19pmc: PMC6696647pubmed: 31416872google scholar: lookup
  144. Zheng H, Xue Y, Bai S, Qin X, Lu P, Yang B. Association of the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of chlamydia trachomatis with serovar and duration of antibiotic exposure.. Sex Transm Dis 2015 Mar;42(3):115-9.
    doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000241pubmed: 25668641google scholar: lookup
  145. Zocevic A, Vorimore F, Vicari N, Gasparini J, Jacquin L, Sachse K, Magnino S, Laroucau K. A real-time PCR assay for the detection of atypical strains of Chlamydiaceae from pigeons.. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e58741.
    pmc: PMC3597529pubmed: 23516548doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058741google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 36 times.
  1. Jin Y, Li W, Ba X, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Li Z, Zhou J. Gut microbiota changes in horses with Chlamydia. BMC Microbiol 2023 Sep 2;23(1):246.
    doi: 10.1186/s12866-023-02986-8pubmed: 37660043google scholar: lookup
  2. Marchese S, Marchese G, Paviglianiti G, Lapi M, Ottoveggio G, Pipitone G, Corsello G. A pediatric case of Chlamydia psittaci caused severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Italy. Ital J Pediatr 2023 Aug 30;49(1):107.
    doi: 10.1186/s13052-023-01497-6pubmed: 37649055google scholar: lookup
  3. Cao J, Xie X, Lei Y, Li S, Song X, Lei Y, An Q, Zhang B. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a family cluster of psittacosis: A case report. IDCases 2023;33:e01845.
    doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01845pubmed: 37492645google scholar: lookup
  4. Schmiedová L, Černá K, Li T, Těšický M, Kreisinger J, Vinkler M. Bacterial communities along parrot digestive and respiratory tracts: the effects of sample type, species and time. Int Microbiol 2023 May 24;.
    doi: 10.1007/s10123-023-00372-ypubmed: 37222909google scholar: lookup
  5. Cheng A, Wan D, Ghatak A, Wang C, Feng D, Fondell JD, Ebright RH, Fan H. Identification and Structural Modeling of the RNA Polymerase Omega Subunits in Chlamydiae and Other Obligate Intracellular Bacteria. mBio 2023 Feb 28;14(1):e0349922.
    doi: 10.1128/mbio.03499-22pubmed: 36719197google scholar: lookup
  6. Wang J, Zhu Y, Mo Q, Yang Y. Case Report: A Chlamydia psittaci pulmonary infection presenting with migratory infiltrates. Front Public Health 2022;10:1028989.
    doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1028989pubmed: 36600937google scholar: lookup
  7. Muroni G, Pinna L, Serra E, Chisu V, Mandas D, Coccollone A, Liciardi M, Masala G. A Chlamydia psittaci Outbreak in Psittacine Birds in Sardinia, Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 Oct 30;19(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114204pubmed: 36361084google scholar: lookup
  8. Kowalczyk K, Wójcik-Fatla A. Chlamydia psittaci in Faecal Samples of Feral Pigeons (Columba livia forma urbana) in Urban Areas of Lublin city, Poland. Curr Microbiol 2022 Oct 17;79(12):367.
    doi: 10.1007/s00284-022-03072-4pubmed: 36253653google scholar: lookup
  9. Chisu V, Zobba R, Masala G, Tran TL, Ngo Viet QT, Tran DB, Nguyen HB, Tran KT, Alberti A. First Molecular Detection of Zoonotic Chlamydia Species in Vietnamese Goats. Pathogens 2022 Aug 10;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11080903pubmed: 36015020google scholar: lookup
  10. Li H, Hao B, Wang Y, Yu D, Chen Z, Du D, Xiong J, Li K, Zhang H, Liu X, Liu K, Xiao F, Cheng X, Huang L. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia. Clin Respir J 2022 Jul;16(7):513-521.
    doi: 10.1111/crj.13519pubmed: 35724965google scholar: lookup
  11. Marchino M, Rizzo F, Barzanti P, Sparasci OA, Bottino P, Vicari N, Rigamonti S, Braghin S, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Ru G, Laroucau K, Mandola ML. Chlamydia Species and Related Risk Factors in Poultry in North-Western Italy: Possible Bird-to-Human Transmission for C. gallinacea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 Feb 15;19(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042174pubmed: 35206361google scholar: lookup
  12. Tomić DH, Krkljuš M, Gottstein Ž, Lozica L, Prukner-Radovčić E. Zoonotic potential of Chlamydia psittaci-a case report. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1638717.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1638717pubmed: 41640945google scholar: lookup
  13. Ayllón T, Martínez I, Ortiz-Díez G, Navarro A, Fuster F, Iriso A, Villaverde S, Lara J, García N. Long-Term Surveillance of Chlamydia psittaci and West Nile Virus in Wild Birds from Central Spain (2013-2022). Microorganisms 2025 Dec 25;14(1).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14010048pubmed: 41597569google scholar: lookup
  14. Kiss VA, Vanden Broecke B, De Bruyckere S, Martel A, Müller W. Hotspot or blind spot? Fine-scale spatial heterogeneity and methodological bias in Chlamydia psittaci prevalence rate reports from urban feral pigeons (Columba livia f. urbana). One Health 2026 Jun;22:101293.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101293pubmed: 41492479google scholar: lookup
  15. Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu C, Liu P, Li Z, Zhou J. Complete genomes of two Chlamydia psittaci isolated from ducks and pigeons in China. Microbiol Resour Announc 2025 Nov 13;14(11):e0060625.
    doi: 10.1128/mra.00606-25pubmed: 41071012google scholar: lookup
  16. Long JM, Zhong HT, Deng YY, Yang JW, Chen MC, Liang YJ, Chen KW, Yang JT, Wei TC, Wei P, Huang JN. Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of Avian Chlamydia in Birds in Guangxi, Southwestern China. Microorganisms 2025 Sep 22;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13092220pubmed: 41011550google scholar: lookup
  17. Li Q, Wang H, Cui Y, Huang Z, Zhang X, He R, He C. The N-terminal domain of Chlamydia psittaci Pmp19G modulates macrophage autophagy by targeting the NOD1 receptor and the ATG16L1-RAB7 signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2025;16:1645250.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1645250pubmed: 41000381google scholar: lookup
  18. Guillemot Q, Clemens T, Inthasot V, Mahadeb B, Maillart E, Clevenbergh P. Community-Acquired Chlamydia psittaci Severe Pneumonia: A Case Report. Case Rep Infect Dis 2025;2025:6627159.
    doi: 10.1155/crdi/6627159pubmed: 40949051google scholar: lookup
  19. Sohaili A, Mogaka F, Vanrompay D, Omollo VO, Morre SA, Thomas PPM. A review of zoonotic chlamydiae species in Africa: assessing their burden and potential impact through One Health perspective. One Health Outlook 2025 Aug 21;7(1):40.
    doi: 10.1186/s42522-025-00165-5pubmed: 40841685google scholar: lookup
  20. Ding Z, Wu H, Wu C, Liu K, Lu Q, Wang X, Fu T, Li J, Yang K, Song Q, Lin J. Spatial analysis and prediction of psittacosis in Zhejiang Province, China, 2019-2024. Front Public Health 2025;13:1604018.
    doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1604018pubmed: 40672920google scholar: lookup
  21. Korotetskiy I, Kuznetsova T, Shilov S, Zubenko N, Ivanova L, Korotetskaya N, Izmailov T. Metagenomic data insights into chicken microbiome diversity across various regions of Kazakhstan. Poult Sci 2025 Sep;104(9):105488.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.105488pubmed: 40614652google scholar: lookup
  22. Sheng Y, Jin LY, Li N, Zhang Y, Shi YJ. Global prevalence of psittacosis in outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2025 May 31;25(1):2010.
    doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-21612-ypubmed: 40450215google scholar: lookup
  23. Ghosh H, Reza S, Mazid MA, Dewan SMR. Psittacosis in Focus: A Review Addressing the Risks and Management Challenges in Outbreak Scenarios. Health Sci Rep 2025 May;8(5):e70834.
    doi: 10.1002/hsr2.70834pubmed: 40391266google scholar: lookup
  24. Liu H, Pan S, Wang C, Yang W, Wei X, He Y, Xu T, Shi K, Si H. Review of respiratory syndromes in poultry: pathogens, prevention, and control measures. Vet Res 2025 May 17;56(1):101.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-025-01506-ypubmed: 40382667google scholar: lookup
  25. Komal, Gourav, Aggarwal K, Singh A, Srivastava S, Kundu S, Kumar S, Sah S, Mehta R. Addressing the resurgence of psittacosis: a call for enhanced surveillance and public health measures. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2025 Jan;87(1):425-427.
    doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000002860pubmed: 40109594google scholar: lookup
  26. Palillo MB, Carrasco SE, Mishkin N, Palillo JA, Lynch DB, Lawton S, Aydin M, Mourino A, Lipman NS, Ricart Arbona RJ. Assessment of Antimicrobial Therapy in Eradicating Chlamydia muridarum in Research Mice: Immune Status and Its Impact on Outcomes. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2025 Jan 1;64(1):76-88.
    doi: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-24-069pubmed: 40035285google scholar: lookup
  27. Jia Q, Sun J, Wang D, Xu J, Li X, Zhang S, Wang L, Liu S, Tong X, Fan H. Clinical features and prognostic predictors of C. Psittaci Pneumonia: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2025 Jan 31;25(1):55.
    doi: 10.1186/s12890-025-03511-5pubmed: 39891076google scholar: lookup
  28. Vanderhoeven EA, Mosmann JP, Díaz A, Cuffini CG. Chlamydia in farms located in the Argentine-Brazilian-Paraguay tri-border. Braz J Microbiol 2025 Mar;56(1):683-691.
    doi: 10.1007/s42770-024-01586-6pubmed: 39786642google scholar: lookup
  29. Marti H, Shima K, Boutin S, Rupp J, Clarke IN, Laroucau K, Borel N. Zoonotic and other veterinary chlamydiae - an update, the role of the plasmid and plasmid-mediated transformation. Pathog Dis 2024 Feb 7;82.
    doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftae030pubmed: 39567859google scholar: lookup
  30. Liu J, Wang Y, Tang N, He C, Li F. CRISPR/Cas9-edited duck enteritis virus expressing Pmp17G of Chlamydia psittaci induced protective immunity in ducklings. Pathog Dis 2024 Feb 7;82.
    doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftae027pubmed: 39400699google scholar: lookup
  31. Riccio MB, García JP, Chiapparrone ML, Cantón J, Cacciato C, Origlia JA, Cadario ME, Diab SS, Uzal FA. Outbreak of Chlamydia psittaci Infection in a Commercial Psittacine Breeding Aviary in Argentina. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jul 2;14(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14131959pubmed: 38998071google scholar: lookup
  32. Muroni G, Serra E, Biggio GP, Sanna D, Cherchi R, Taras A, Appino S, Foxi C, Masala G, Loi F, Chisu V. Detection of Chlamydia psittaci in the Genital Tract of Horses and in Environmental Samples: A Pilot Study in Sardinia. Pathogens 2024 Mar 7;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens13030236pubmed: 38535579google scholar: lookup
  33. Nogarol C, Marchino M, Scala S, Belvedere M, Renna G, Vitale N, Mandola ML. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Chlamydia abortus Infection in Sheep and Goats in North-Western Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 17;14(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14020291pubmed: 38254460google scholar: lookup
  34. Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Zaręba-Marchewka K, Niemczuk K. New insight on chlamydiae. J Vet Res 2023 Dec;67(4):559-565.
    doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0067pubmed: 38130448google scholar: lookup
  35. Ossa-Giraldo AC, Úsuga-Perilla X, Correa JS, Segura JA. Chlamydia psittaci seropositivity in workers exposed to birds and review of the literature: Evidence of circulation in Antioquia. Biomedica 2023 Sep 30;43(3):330-343.
    doi: 10.7705/biomedica.6832pubmed: 37871570google scholar: lookup
  36. Yang SL, Gao Y, Han ZY, Du X, Liu W, Jin SG, Bi Y, Chen PF, Yue CS, Wu JH, Lai QQ, Tang YJ, Wang XT, Ji YY, Zhao MY, Kang K, Yu KJ. Successful treatment of near-fatal pulmonary embolism and cardiac arrest in an adult patient with fulminant psittacosis-induced severe acute respiratory distress syndrome after veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation rescue: A case report and follow-up. Heliyon 2023 Oct;9(10):e20562.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20562pubmed: 37842616google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,928 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.