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Home / Equine Research Bank / Trop Anim Health Prod / A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a negl...
Tropical animal health and production2021; 53(4); 414; doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0

A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease.

Abstract: Avian chlamydiosis is one of the important neglected diseases with critical zoonotic potential. Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent, affects most categories of birds, livestock, companion animals, and humans. It has many obscured characters and epidemiological dimensions, which makes it unique among other bacterial agents. Recent reports on transmission from equine to humans alarmed the public health authorities, and it necessitates the importance of routine screening of this infectious disease. High prevalence of spill-over infection in equines was associated with reproductive losses. Newer avian chlamydial species are being reported in the recent years. It is a potential biological warfare agent and the disease is an occupational hazard mainly to custom officers handling exotic birds. Prevalence of the disease in wild birds, pet birds, and poultry causes economic losses to the poultry industry and the pet bird trade. Interestingly, there are speculations on the 'legal' and 'illegal' bird trade that may be the global source of some of the most virulent strains of this pathogen. The mortality rate generally ranges from 5 to 40% in untreated cases, but it can sometimes be higher in co-infection. The intracellular lifestyle of this pathogen makes the diagnosis more complicated and there is also lack of accurate diagnostics. Resistance to antibiotics is reported only in some pathogens of the Chlamydiaceae family, but routine screening may assess the actual situation in all pathogens. Due to the diverse nature of the pathogen, the organism necessitates the One Health partnerships to have complete understanding. The present review focuses on the zoonotic aspects of avian chlamydiosis with its new insights into the pathogenesis, transmission, treatment, prevention, and control strategies. The review also briefs on the basic understandings and complex epidemiology of avian chlamydiosis, highlighting the need for research on emerging one health perspectives.
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-27 PubMed ID: 34312716PubMed Central: PMC8313243DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides an extensive review on avian chlamydiosis, a neglected disease with significant zoonotic potential. It explores the characteristics, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease, including its impact on both animals and humans.

Overview of Avian Chlamydiosis

  • Avian Chlamydiosis, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci, affects a variety of birds, livestock, companion animals, and humans.
  • The study calls the disease a neglected one, with significant zoonotic potential, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans.
  • The disease has unique characteristics and epidemiological dimensions, which contributes to its obscurity.

Transmission and Impact

  • Recent reports of transmission from horses to humans have raised public health concerns, stressing the need for routine disease screening.
  • The disease has been associated with reproductive losses in affected horses, causing concern in the equine industry.
  • The disease is considered an occupational hazard for customs officers who handle exotic birds and can cause significant economic losses in the poultry and pet bird trade.
  • Mortality rates for avian chlamydiosis range from 5% to 40% in untreated cases, rising in situations of co-infection.

Diagnosis and Treatment

  • The bacteria’s intracellular lifestyle complicates diagnosis procedures and there is a documented lack of accurate diagnostic methods.
  • There are reports of resistance to antibiotics in some pathogens of the Chlamydiaceae family, which includes Chlamydia psittaci.

One Health Approach

  • The study highlights the need for a One Health approach due to the diverse nature of the pathogen. One Health is a multisectoral approach that aims to achieve optimal health outcomes by recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants and their shared environment.
  • The review emphasizes the understanding of the disease’s basic aspects, complex epidemiology, and the need for research on emerging one health perspectives.

Cite This Article

APA
Ravichandran K, Anbazhagan S, Karthik K, Angappan M, Dhayananth B. (2021). A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease. Trop Anim Health Prod, 53(4), 414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0

Publication

Tropical animal health and production
ISSN: 1573-7438
NlmUniqueID: 1277355
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 53
Issue: 4
Pages: 414
PII: 414

Researcher Affiliations

Ravichandran, Karthikeyan
  • Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. karthi6162@gmail.com.
Anbazhagan, Subbaiyan
  • Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
Karthik, Kumaragurubaran
  • Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
Angappan, Madesh
  • Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
Dhayananth, Balusamy
  • Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bird Diseases / epidemiology
  • Birds
  • Horse Diseases
  • Horses
  • Neglected Diseases / veterinary
  • Psittacosis / epidemiology
  • Psittacosis / veterinary
  • Zoonoses / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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