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A potential regulatory region near the EDN3 gene may control both harness racing performance and coat color variation in horses.
Abstract: The Swedish-Norwegian Coldblooded trotter and the heavier North-Swedish draught horse both descend from the North-Swedish horse, but the Coldblooded trotters have been selected for racing performance while the North-Swedish draught horse is mainly used for agricultural and forestry work. By comparing the genomes of Coldblooded trotters, North-Swedish draught horses and Standardbreds for a large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the aim of the study was to identify genetic regions that may be under selection for racing performance. We hypothesized that the selection for racing performance, in combination with unauthorized crossbreeding of Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds, has created regions in the genome where the Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds are similar, but differ from the North-Swedish draught horse. A fixation index (Fst) analysis was performed and sliding window Delta Fst values were calculated across the three breeds. Five windows, where the average Fst between Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds was low and the average Fst between Coldblooded trotters and North-Swedish draught horses was high, were selected for further investigation. Associations between the most highly ranked SNPs and harness racing performance were analyzed in 400 raced Coldblooded trotters with race records. One SNP showed a significant association with racing performance, with the CC genotype appearing to be negatively associated. The SNP identified was genotyped in 1915 horses of 18 different breeds. The frequency of the TT genotype was high in breeds typically used for racing and show jumping while the frequency of the CC genotype was high in most pony breeds and draught horses. The closest gene in this region was the Endothelin3 gene (EDN3), a gene mainly involved in melanocyte and enteric neuron development. Both functional genetic and physiological studies are needed to fully understand the possible impacts of the gene on racing performance.
© 2018 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.
Publication Date: 2018-05-31 PubMed ID: 29845762PubMed Central: PMC5974718DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13700Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
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Summary
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The research investigates genetic factors influencing racing performance and coat color variation in horses, focusing specifically on the Endothelin3 gene (EDN3).
Understanding the Study
The principal objective of this research study was to pinpoint genetic variances that have been acquired through selective breeding for harness racing performance. In this context, the research studied three breeds of horses:
- The Swedish-Norwegian Coldblooded trotter – a breed selected for racing performance
- The North-Swedish draught horse – primarily used for agricultural/forestry work and considered close to the ancestral gene pool
- The Standardbreds – used for harness racing, like the Coldblooded trotters
The researchers scanned the genomes of these horse breeds to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) – variations at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals. They anticipated that genetic selection towards racing aptitude, coupled with unauthorized crossbreeding between Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds, might have resulted in specific gene regions in which these two breeds are similar, differing from the North-Swedish draught horse.
Methods and Analysis
At the core of their approach was the fixation index (Fst) analysis. This method calculates the difference between genetic diversity within a species and genetic diversity across different species. The study generated ‘sliding window Delta Fst values’ to identify areas of the genome where variation was most significant across breeds. They eventually selected five windows, characterized by both low Fst values between Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds (indicating shared genes likely due to racing selection or crossbreeding) and high Fst values between Coldblooded trotters and North-Swedish draught horses (indicating genetic difference).
Findings of the Study
A subsequent analysis linked one of the top-ranked SNPs with racing performance in a tested group of 400 raced Coldblooded trotters. The CC genotype of this SNP was found to have a negative association with racing performance. When this SNP was observed in a larger group of 1915 horses from 18 breeds, they found that high-performance breeds (used for racing and show jumping) typically had the TT genotype, while lower-performance breeds (ponies and draught horses) frequently had the CC genotype.
Interestingly, the gene proximate to this performance-related SNP was the EDN3, mainly involved in melanocyte (cells responsible for pigmentation) and enteric neuron (neurons governing gut function) development, suggesting it may influence both performance and coat color. However, the exact influence of the EDN3 gene on racing performance remains to be clarified through in-depth functional genetic and physiological studies.
Cite This Article
APA
Ju00e4derkvist Fegraeus K, Velie BD, Axelsson J, Ang R, Hamilton NA, Andersson L, Meadows JRS, Lindgren G.
(2018).
A potential regulatory region near the EDN3 gene may control both harness racing performance and coat color variation in horses.
Physiol Rep, 6(10), e13700.
https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13700 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Endothelin-3 / genetics
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Haplotypes
- Horses / genetics
- Male
- Norway
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Running
- Selective Breeding
- Sweden
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