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Home / Equine Research Bank / Int J Environ Res Public Health / A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecolo...
International journal of environmental research and public health2019; 16(10); 1736; doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101736

A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control.

Abstract: Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, and . The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with infection, whilst, infection with is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Publication Date: 2019-05-16 PubMed ID: 31100920PubMed Central: PMC6572709DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101736Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article offers a comprehensive review on Equine Piroplasmosis, a tick-borne illness affecting horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras, with a focus on its epidemiology, vector ecology, risk factors, host immunity, diagnosis, and control.

Epidemiology and Vector Ecology

  • The authors discuss how Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is widespread in tropical and temperate regions, where competent tick vectors, the carriers of the disease, can be found.
  • Interestingly, they also note that DNA of the parasites causing EP has been discovered in dogs and camels, making the specificity of hosts an area of consideration.

Disease Characteristics and Impact

  • The document highlights that EP causes significant economic losses to the equine industry. This is primarily because it affects horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras – animals central to equine industry.
  • Furthermore, a unique trait of this disease is that infected equids, the family including horses and related animals, remain carriers for life when infected with Theileria equi. In contrast, infections with Babesia Caballi are cleared within a few years.

Host Immunity and Risk Factors

  • The authors elaborate on the immune response of the hosts, which involves a complex interaction between the host and parasite that influences the course of the disease.
  • Risk factors associated with the development and spread of the illness are also examined, providing important insights into how best to prevent and mitigate the impact of the disease.

Diagnosis and Control

  • The research paper also delves into specific details regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of EP, contributing to a holistic understanding of the disease.
  • Techniques for diagnosis, such as serological and molecular methods, are discussed, and treatment options are explored which range from chemotherapeutic drugs to supportive care.
  • The authors also emphasize on preventative strategies, like tick control measures and immunization, to manage the disease effectively.

Cite This Article

APA
Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. (2019). A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(10), 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101736

Publication

International journal of environmental research and public health
ISSN: 1660-4601
NlmUniqueID: 101238455
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 10
PII: 1736

Researcher Affiliations

Onyiche, ThankGod E
  • Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. et.onyiche@unimaid.edu.ng.
  • Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria. et.onyiche@unimaid.edu.ng.
Suganuma, Keisuke
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. k.suganuma@obihiro.ac.jp.
Igarashi, Ikuo
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. igarcpmi@obihiro.ac.jp.
Yokoyama, Naoaki
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. yokoyama@obihiro.ac.jp.
Xuan, Xuenan
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. gen@obihiro.ac.jp.
Thekisoe, Oriel
  • Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa. oriel.thekisoe@nwu.ac.za.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Babesia / physiology
  • Babesiosis / diagnosis
  • Babesiosis / drug therapy
  • Babesiosis / epidemiology
  • Babesiosis / immunology
  • Disease Vectors
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horses
  • Risk Factors
  • Theileria / physiology
  • Theileriasis / diagnosis
  • Theileriasis / drug therapy
  • Theileriasis / epidemiology
  • Theileriasis / immunology
  • Ticks

Conflict of Interest Statement

No conflict of interest exists among the authors.

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