FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / A Systematic Review of Musculoskeletal Mobilization and Mani...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(10); 2787; doi: 10.3390/ani11102787

A Systematic Review of Musculoskeletal Mobilization and Manipulation Techniques Used in Veterinary Medicine.

Abstract: Mobilization and manipulation techniques are often used in small animal and equine practice; however, questions remain concerning indications, dosing and efficacy. A bibliographic search was performed to identify peer-reviewed publications from 1980 to 2020 that evaluated the clinical effects of musculoskeletal mobilization and manipulation techniques in dogs, cats and horses. The search strategy identified 883 papers for review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The clinical indications, dosages, outcome parameters, and reported efficacy within each publication were recorded and categorized for comparison with scientific quality assessed according to a standardized grading system. Fourteen articles were included in this systematic review of which 13 were equine and one was a canine study. Seven of these were cohort studies and seven were randomized controlled clinical trials. The canine study involved carpal immobilization-remobilization and all equine studies focused on the effects of passive mobilization ( = 5) or manipulation ( = 8) of the axial skeleton. Study quality was low ( = 4), moderate ( = 7), and high ( = 3) and included a wide array of outcome parameters with varying levels of efficacy and duration of therapeutic effects, which prevented further meta-analysis. Therefore, it was difficult to draw firm conclusions despite all studies reporting positive effects. Optimal technique indications and dosages need to be determined to improve the standardization of these treatment options.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-09-24 PubMed ID: 34679808PubMed Central: PMC8532674DOI: 10.3390/ani11102787Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research study systematically reviewed the use and effectiveness of musculoskeletal mobilization and manipulation techniques in veterinary medicine using peer-reviewed publications from 1980 to 2020.

Research Methodology

  • The study began with a bibliographic search to identify relevant publications which fell within the specified time frame of 1980 to 2020.
  • These publications needed to have evaluated the clinical effects of musculoskeletal mobilization and manipulation techniques on small animals and horses. In total, 883 papers were identified.
  • Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to these papers to ensure only valid and relevant studies were included. After this step, only 14 articles were included in the review.

Study Findings

  • Out of the 14 articles, 13 were studies conducted on horses (equine) and one on dogs (canine).
  • Seven studies were cohort studies and the other seven were randomized controlled clinical trials.
  • The dog study involved carpal immobilization-remobilization, and all horse studies focused on the effects of passive mobilization or manipulation of the axial skeleton.
  • The quality of these studies varied, with four being low quality, seven being moderate, and three being high quality, evaluated based on a standardized grading system. This variation in quality hindered further meta-analysis.

Conclusion

  • The research concludes that although all studies reported positive effects on the animals from musculoskeletal mobilization and manipulation techniques, it’s hard to make solid conclusions due to the lack of uniformity in study quality, various outcome parameters, efficacy levels and duration of therapeutic effects.
  • The study ordains the need to determine optimal technique indications and dosages to improve the standardization of these treatment options.

Cite This Article

APA
Haussler KK, Hesbach AL, Romano L, Goff L, Bergh A. (2021). A Systematic Review of Musculoskeletal Mobilization and Manipulation Techniques Used in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel), 11(10), 2787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102787

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 10
PII: 2787

Researcher Affiliations

Haussler, Kevin K
  • Equine Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80535, USA.
Hesbach, Amie L
  • EmpowerPhysio, 2585CW The Hague, The Netherlands.
Romano, Laura
  • VCA Canada Central Victoria Veterinary Hospital, Victoria, BC V8X 2R3, Canada.
Goff, Lesley
  • School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
Bergh, Anna
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.

Grant Funding

  • SLU.ua.2020.4.2-3148 / Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 75 references
  1. Haussler KK. Equine Manual Therapies in Sport Horse Practice.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018 Aug;34(2):375-389.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.005pubmed: 29857966google scholar: lookup
  2. Bergenstrahle A, Nielsen BD. Attitude and behavior of veterinarians surrounding the use of complementary and alternative veterinary medicine in the treatment of equine musculoskeletal pain.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;45:87–97.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.019google scholar: lookup
  3. Koh R, Montalbano C, Gamble LJ, Walden K, Rouse J, Liu CC, Wakshlag LG, Wakshlag JJ. Internet survey of feeding, dietary supplement, and rehabilitative medical management use in flyball dogs.. Can Vet J 2020 Apr;61(4):375-381.
    pmc: PMC7074118pubmed: 32255822
  4. Lange CD, Axiak Flammer S, Gerber V, Kindt D, Koch C. Complementary and alternative medicine for the management of orthopaedic problems in Swiss Warmblood horses.. Vet Med Sci 2017 Aug;3(3):125-133.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.64pmc: PMC5645843pubmed: 29067209google scholar: lookup
  5. Thirkell J, Hyland R. A survey examining attitudes towards equine complementary therapies for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;59:82–87.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.10.004google scholar: lookup
  6. Wilson JM, McKenzie E, Duesterdieck-Zellmer K. International Survey Regarding the Use of Rehabilitation Modalities in Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:120.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00120pmc: PMC6004390pubmed: 29942811google scholar: lookup
  7. Hesbach AL. Manual therapy in veterinary rehabilitation.. Top Companion Anim Med 2014 Mar;29(1):20-3.
    doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2014.02.002pubmed: 25103885google scholar: lookup
  8. Haussler KK. Review of manual therapy techniques in equine practice.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:849–869.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.018google scholar: lookup
  9. Gruenenfelder FI, Boos A, Mouwen M, Steffen F. Evaluation of the anatomic effect of physical therapy exercises for mobilization of lumbar spinal nerves and the dura mater in dogs.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Oct;67(10):1773-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1773pubmed: 17014331google scholar: lookup
  10. Acutt EV, le Jeune SS, Pypendop BH. Evaluation of the effects of chiropractic on static and dynamic muscle variables in sport horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;73:84–90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.016google scholar: lookup
  11. Coates JC. Manual therapy.. In: Zink M.C., Van Dyke J.B., editors. Canine Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2018. pp. 120–135.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119380627google scholar: lookup
  12. Edge-Hughes L. Canine thoracic costovertebral and costotransverse joints: three case reports of dysfunction and manual therapy guidelines for assessment and treatment of these structures.. Top Companion Anim Med 2014 Mar;29(1):1-5.
    doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2014.04.003pubmed: 25103882google scholar: lookup
  13. Haussler KK. Joint Mobilization and Manipulation for the Equine Athlete.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016 Apr;32(1):87-101.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.12.003pubmed: 27012508google scholar: lookup
  14. Haussler KK. The role of manual therapies in equine pain management.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010 Dec;26(3):579-601.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.07.006pubmed: 21056301google scholar: lookup
  15. Saunders DG, Walker JR, Levine D. Joint mobilization.. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2005 Nov;35(6):1287-316, vii-viii.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.07.003pubmed: 16260314google scholar: lookup
  16. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Moher D. Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement.. J Clin Epidemiol 2021 Jun;134:103-112.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003pubmed: 33577987google scholar: lookup
  17. Reed WR, Long CR, Kawchuk GN, Sozio RS, Pickar JG. Neural Responses to Physical Characteristics of a High-velocity, Low-amplitude Spinal Manipulation: Effect of Thrust Direction.. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018 Jan 1;43(1):1-9.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001344pmc: PMC4894003pubmed: 26863348google scholar: lookup
  18. Cao DY, Reed WR, Long CR, Kawchuk GN, Pickar JG. Effects of thrust amplitude and duration of high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation on lumbar muscle spindle responses to vertebral position and movement.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2013 Feb;36(2):68-77.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.01.004pmc: PMC3752031pubmed: 23499141google scholar: lookup
  19. Olson VL. Evaluation of joint mobilization treatment. A method.. Phys Ther 1987 Mar;67(3):351-6.
    doi: 10.1093/ptj/67.3.351pubmed: 3823148google scholar: lookup
  20. Ahern TJ. Cervical vertebral mobilization under anesthetic (CVMUA): A physical therapy for the treatment of cervico-spinal pain and stiffness.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1994;14:540–545.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81638-2google scholar: lookup
  21. Pusey A, Colles C, Brooks J. Osteopathic treatment of horses—a retrospective study.. Br. Osteopath. J. 1995;16:30–32.
  22. Colles CM, Nevin A, Brooks J. The osteopathic treatment of somatic dysfunction causing gait abnormality in 51 horses.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2014;26:148–155.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12122google scholar: lookup
  23. Haussler KK, Manchon PT, Donnell JR, Frisbie DD. Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Chiropractic Care on Back Pain in Quarter Horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Mar;86:102891.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102891pubmed: 32067657google scholar: lookup
  24. Long K, McGowan CM, Hyytiäinen HK. Effect of Caudal Traction on Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds of Epaxial and Pelvic Musculature on a Group of Horses With Signs of Back Pain.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Oct;93:103197.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103197pubmed: 32972678google scholar: lookup
  25. Sullivan KA, Hill AE, Haussler KK. The effects of chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone on spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses without clinical signs.. Equine Vet J 2008 Jan;40(1):14-20.
    doi: 10.2746/042516407X240456pubmed: 18083655google scholar: lookup
  26. Haussler KK, Erb HN. Pressure algometry: Objective assessment of back pain and effects of chiropractic treatment.. Proc. Am. Ass. Equine Pract. 2003;49:66–70.
  27. Wakeling JM, Barnett K, Price S, Nankervis K. Effects of manipulative therapy on the longissimus dorsi in the equine back.. Equine Compar. Exerc. Physiol. 2006;3:153–160.
    doi: 10.1017/ECP200693google scholar: lookup
  28. Taylor F, Tabor G, Williams JM. Altered thoracolumbar position during application of craniocaudal spinal mobilisation in clinically sound leisure horses.. Compar. Exerc. Physiol. 2019;15:49–53.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP170021google scholar: lookup
  29. Haussler KK, Martin CE, Hill AE. Efficacy of spinal manipulation and mobilisation on trunk flexibility and stiffness in horses: a randomised clinical trial.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):695-702.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00241.xpubmed: 21059083google scholar: lookup
  30. Haussler KK, Hill AE, Puttlitz CM, McIlwraith CW. Effects of vertebral mobilization and manipulation on kinematics of the thoracolumbar region.. Am J Vet Res 2007 May;68(5):508-16.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.5.508pubmed: 17472450google scholar: lookup
  31. Gomez Alvarez CB, L'ami JJ, Moffat D, Back W, van Weeren PR. Effect of chiropractic manipulations on the kinematics of back and limbs in horses with clinically diagnosed back problems.. Equine Vet J 2008 Mar;40(2):153-9.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X250292pubmed: 18089466google scholar: lookup
  32. Bialosky JE, Beneciuk JM, Bishop MD, Coronado RA, Penza CW, Simon CB, George SZ. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Manual Therapy: Modeling an Approach.. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Jan;48(1):8-18.
    doi: 10.2519/jospt.2018.7476pubmed: 29034802google scholar: lookup
  33. Herzog W. The biomechanics of spinal manipulation.. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2010 Jul;14(3):280-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.03.004pubmed: 20538226google scholar: lookup
  34. Reed WR, Long CR, Kawchuk GN, Pickar JG. Neural responses to the mechanical parameters of a high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation: effect of preload parameters.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2014 Feb;37(2):68-78.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2013.12.004pmc: PMC3946664pubmed: 24387888google scholar: lookup
  35. Edgecombe TL, Kawchuk GN, Long CR, Pickar JG. The effect of application site of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) on spinal stiffness.. Spine J 2015 Jun 1;15(6):1332-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.480pmc: PMC3989461pubmed: 24139864google scholar: lookup
  36. Reed WR, Long CR, Kawchuk GN, Pickar JG. Neural responses to the mechanical characteristics of high velocity, low amplitude spinal manipulation: Effect of specific contact site.. Man Ther 2015 Dec;20(6):797-804.
    doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.03.008pmc: PMC4584162pubmed: 25841562google scholar: lookup
  37. Colloca CJ, Gunzburg R, Freeman BJ, Szpalski M, Afifi M, Moore RJ. Biomechancial quantification of pathologic manipulable spinal lesions: an in vivo ovine model of spondylolysis and intervertebral disc degeneration.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2012 Jun;35(5):354-66.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.04.018pubmed: 22657392google scholar: lookup
  38. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Moore RJ, Gunzburg R, Harrison DE, Harrison DD. Three-dimensional vertebral motions produced by mechanical force spinal manipulation.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2006 Jul-Aug;29(6):425-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.06.012pubmed: 16904488google scholar: lookup
  39. Funabashi M, Nougarou F, Descarreaux M, Prasad N, Kawchuk GN. Spinal Tissue Loading Created by Different Methods of Spinal Manipulative Therapy Application.. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017 May 1;42(9):635-643.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002096pmc: PMC5407629pubmed: 28146021google scholar: lookup
  40. Kawchuk GN, Perle SM. The relation between the application angle of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) and resultant vertebral accelerations in an in situ porcine model.. Man Ther 2009 Oct;14(5):480-3.
    doi: 10.1016/j.math.2008.11.001pubmed: 19144558google scholar: lookup
  41. Lane DM, Hill SA. Effectiveness of combined acupuncture and manual therapy relative to no treatment for canine musculoskeletal pain.. Can Vet J 2016 Apr;57(4):407-14.
    pmc: PMC4790233pubmed: 27041759
  42. Thoresen AN. Case Reports: Effect of osteopathic manipulations on performance in 374 horses with suspected sacroiliac and/or hip joint dysfunction and back pain: 2006–2007.. Z. Für Ganzheitl. Tiermed. 2009;4:128–135.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1240535google scholar: lookup
  43. Heo S, Park Y, Lee H. Concurrent validity of a universal goniometer and a double meter inclinometer for passive range of motion in Beagle dogs.. J. Vet. Clin. 2017;34:241–244.
    doi: 10.17555/jvc.2017.08.34.4.241google scholar: lookup
  44. Liljebrink Y, Bergh A. Goniometry: is it a reliable tool to monitor passive joint range of motion in horses?. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):676-82.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00254.xpubmed: 21059080google scholar: lookup
  45. Jaeger GH, Marcellin-Little DJ, Depuy V, Lascelles BD. Validity of goniometric joint measurements in cats.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Aug;68(8):822-6.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.822pubmed: 17669021google scholar: lookup
  46. Riedler DC, Zsoldos RR, Robel M, Jobst ID, Licka TF. Movement Caused by Electrical Stimulation of the Lumbosacral Region in Standing Horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Aug;91:103116.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103116pubmed: 32684261google scholar: lookup
  47. Brown DC. The Canine Orthopedic Index. Step 3: Responsiveness testing.. Vet Surg 2014 Mar;43(3):247-54.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12162.xpubmed: 24617818google scholar: lookup
  48. Reid J, Nolan AM, Scott EM. Measuring pain in dogs and cats using structured behavioural observation.. Vet J 2018 Jun;236:72-79.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.013pubmed: 29871754google scholar: lookup
  49. Lascelles BDX, Brown DC, Conzemius MG, Gill M, Oshinsky ML, Sharkey M. Measurement of chronic pain in companion animals: Discussions from the Pain in Animals Workshop (PAW) 2017.. Vet J 2019 Aug;250:71-78.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.07.001pubmed: 31383423google scholar: lookup
  50. van Loon JPAM, Macri L. Objective Assessment of Chronic Pain in Horses Using the Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS): A Scale-Construction Study.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 18;11(6).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061826pmc: PMC8234780pubmed: 34207290google scholar: lookup
  51. Lawson AL, Opie RR, Stevens KB, Knowles EJ, Mair TS. Application of an equine composite pain scale and its association with plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations and serum cortisol concentrations in horses with colic.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2020;32:20–27.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13143google scholar: lookup
  52. Ask K, Rhodin M, Tamminen LM, Hernlund E, Haubro Andersen P. Identification of Body Behaviors and Facial Expressions Associated with Induced Orthopedic Pain in Four Equine Pain Scales.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 19;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10112155pmc: PMC7699379pubmed: 33228117google scholar: lookup
  53. Lesimple C, Fureix C, De Margerie E, Sénèque E, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Towards a postural indicator of back pain in horses (Equus caballus).. PLoS One 2012;7(9):e44604.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044604pmc: PMC3436792pubmed: 22970261google scholar: lookup
  54. Pagé I, Biner É, Descarreaux M. Vertebral Displacements and Muscle Activity During Manual Therapy: Distinct Behaviors Between Spinal Manipulation and Mobilization.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2018 Nov-Dec;41(9):753-761.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.07.004pubmed: 30871712google scholar: lookup
  55. Colloca CJ, Keller TS, Black P, Normand MC, Harrison DE, Harrison DD. Comparison of mechanical force of manually assisted chiropractic adjusting instruments.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2005 Jul-Aug;28(6):414-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.06.004pubmed: 16096041google scholar: lookup
  56. Gemmell H, Miller P. Comparative effectiveness of manipulation, mobilisation and the activator instrument in treatment of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review.. Chiropr Osteopat 2006 Apr 19;14:7.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-1340-14-7pmc: PMC1459176pubmed: 16623934google scholar: lookup
  57. Shearar KA, Colloca CJ, White HL. A randomized clinical trial of manual versus mechanical force manipulation in the treatment of sacroiliac joint syndrome.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2005 Sep;28(7):493-501.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.07.006pubmed: 16182023google scholar: lookup
  58. Digiorgi D. Spinal manipulation under anesthesia: a narrative review of the literature and commentary.. Chiropr Man Therap 2013 May 14;21(1):14.
    doi: 10.1186/2045-709X-21-14pmc: PMC3691523pubmed: 23672974google scholar: lookup
  59. Hawk C, Whalen W, Farabaugh RJ, Daniels CJ, Minkalis AL, Taylor DN, Anderson D, Anderson K, Crivelli LS, Cark M, Barlow E, Paris D, Sarnat R, Weeks J. Best Practices for Chiropractic Management of Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline.. J Altern Complement Med 2020 Oct;26(10):884-901.
    doi: 10.1089/acm.2020.0181pmc: PMC7578188pubmed: 32749874google scholar: lookup
  60. Triano JJ, Budgell B, Bagnulo A, Roffey B, Bergmann T, Cooperstein R, Gleberzon B, Good C, Perron J, Tepe R. Review of methods used by chiropractors to determine the site for applying manipulation.. Chiropr Man Therap 2013 Oct 21;21(1):36.
    doi: 10.1186/2045-709X-21-36pmc: PMC4028787pubmed: 24499598google scholar: lookup
  61. Reix CE, Burn CC, Pritchard JC, Barr AR, Whay HR. The range and prevalence of clinical signs and conformation associated with lameness in working draught donkeys in Pakistan.. Equine Vet J 2014 Nov;46(6):771-7.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12231pubmed: 24433378google scholar: lookup
  62. Gulda D, Lik M. The use of manual therapy in canine discipline—Agility.. Pol. J. Nat. Sci. 2018;33:487–501.
  63. Marcellin-Little DJ, Levine D. Principles and application of range of motion and stretching in companion animals.. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015 Jan;45(1):57-72.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.09.004pubmed: 25440753google scholar: lookup
  64. Haussler KK. Back problems. Chiropractic evaluation and management.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999 Apr;15(1):195-209.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30172-4pubmed: 10218250google scholar: lookup
  65. Reusing M, Brocardo M, Weber S, Villanova J. Goniometric evaluation and passive range of joint motion in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs of different sizes.. VCOT Open. 2020;3:e66–e71.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1713825google scholar: lookup
  66. Hofstetter L, Häusler M, Wirth B, Swanenburg J. Instrumented Measurement of Spinal Stiffness: A Systematic Literature Review of Reliability.. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2018 Oct;41(8):704-711.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.03.002pubmed: 30612717google scholar: lookup
  67. Haussler KK. Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 24;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122195pmc: PMC7760268pubmed: 33255216google scholar: lookup
  68. Niederer D, Engel T, Pfeifer AC, Arampatzis A, Beck H, Wippert PM, Schiltenwolf M, Mayer F. Which Functional Outcomes Can be Measured in Low Back Pain Trials and Therapies?: A Prospective 2-Year Factor-, Cluster-, and Reliability-Multicenter Analysis on 42 Variables in 1049 Individuals.. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021 Nov 1;46(21):1495-1508.
    doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004028pubmed: 33731576google scholar: lookup
  69. Katz EM, Scott RM, Thomson CB, Mesa E, Evans R, Conzemius MG. Evaluation of the Environmental Bias on Accelerometer-Measured Total Daily Activity Counts and Owner Survey Responses in Dogs with Osteoarthritis.. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017 Nov;30(6):385-390.
    doi: 10.3415/VCOT-17-02-0028pubmed: 29202500google scholar: lookup
  70. Müller-Quirin J, Dittmann MT, Roepstorff C, Arpagaus S, Latif SN, Weishaupt MA. Riding Soundness-Comparison of Subjective With Objective Lameness Assessments of Owner-Sound Horses at Trot on a Treadmill.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Dec;95:103314.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103314pubmed: 33276930google scholar: lookup
  71. van Loon JPAM, Van Dierendonck MC. Pain assessment in horses after orthopaedic surgery and with orthopaedic trauma.. Vet J 2019 Apr;246:85-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.001pubmed: 30902195google scholar: lookup
  72. Gross A, Miller J, D'Sylva J, Burnie SJ, Goldsmith CH, Graham N, Haines T, Brønfort G, Hoving JL. Manipulation or mobilisation for neck pain: a Cochrane Review.. Man Ther 2010 Aug;15(4):315-33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.math.2010.04.002pubmed: 20510644google scholar: lookup
  73. Coulter ID, Crawford C, Hurwitz EL, Vernon H, Khorsan R, Suttorp Booth M, Herman PM. Manipulation and mobilization for treating chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Spine J 2018 May;18(5):866-879.
    doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.01.013pmc: PMC6020029pubmed: 29371112google scholar: lookup
  74. Licciardone JC. Osteopathic research: elephants, enigmas, and evidence.. Osteopath Med Prim Care 2007 Feb 8;1:7.
    doi: 10.1186/1750-4732-1-7pmc: PMC1808471pubmed: 17371583google scholar: lookup
  75. Crook T, McGowan C, Pead M. Effect of passive stretching on the range of motion of osteoarthritic joints in 10 labrador retrievers.. Vet Rec 2007 Apr 21;160(16):545-7.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.160.16.545pubmed: 17449709google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Maldonado MD, Parkinson SD, Story MR, Haussler KK. The Effect of Chiropractic Treatment on Limb Lameness and Concurrent Axial Skeleton Pain and Dysfunction in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 19;12(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12202845pubmed: 36290230google scholar: lookup
  2. Bergh A, Asplund K, Lund I, Boström A, Hyytiäinen H. A Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine in Sport and Companion Animals: Soft Tissue Mobilization. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jun 2;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12111440pubmed: 35681903google scholar: lookup
  3. Gilberg K, Bergh A, Sternberg-Lewerin S. A Questionnaire Study on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine for Horses in Sweden. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 30;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11113113pubmed: 34827844google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.