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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(6); 1832; doi: 10.3390/ani11061832

Adrenal Gland Ultrasonographic Measurements and Plasma Hormone Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred Foals.

Abstract: Adrenal hormones, ACTH plasma concentrations and the ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands are considered complementary in clinical evaluations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in several species. In dogs, age, size and weight have a significant effect on the ultrasonographic size of the adrenal glands. In neonatal foals, ultrasonographic evaluation and measurements of the adrenal glands have been demonstrated to be reliable; however, the effect of individual variables on ultrasonographic features has not been investigated, and the clinical usefulness of adrenal gland ultrasonography is still not known. The aims of this study were: (i) to provide and compare adrenal glands ultrasound measurements in healthy newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and assess any effect of age, weight and sex on them; (ii) to assess and compare ACTH and steroid hormone concentrations in healthy neonatal foals of the two breeds. Venous blood samples and ultrasonographic images of the adrenal glands were collected from 10 healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and 10 healthy neonatal Standardbred foals. Ultrasonographic measurements of the adrenal glands were obtained and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P4) and aldosterone plasma concentrations were assessed. The ACTH/cortisol, ACTH/progesterone, ACTH/aldosterone, ACTH/DHEA and cortisol/DHEA ratios were calculated. A significant positive correlation was found between the height of the right adrenal gland and the foal's weight; the width of the right and left adrenal gland and the medulla was significantly lower in Thoroughbreds than in Standardbreds. Cortisol and ACTH plasma concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in Thoroughbreds compared with Standardbreds. The cortisol/DHEA ratio was significantly higher in Thoroughbreds. This study provides reference ranges for neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals, and suggests the presence of breed-related differences in ultrasonographic adrenal gland measurements, plasmatic cortisol and ACTH concentrations. The higher cortisol/DHEA ratio detected in Thoroughbred foals could suggest a different response to environmental stimulation in the two breeds.
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Publication Date: 2021-06-19 PubMed ID: 34205258PubMed Central: PMC8233797DOI: 10.3390/ani11061832Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research aims to investigate the physical characteristics of adrenal glands and the associated hormone concentrations in newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals. The study found breed-related differences and suggested that these differences could affect the foals’ response to environmental stimuli.

Understanding the Research

  • The research aimed to provide crucial insights into adrenal gland measurements and related hormone concentrations in healthy newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals. The goal was to understand the influence of certain variables like age, weight, and sex on these measurements.
  • The focus was on the hormones adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone (P4) and aldosterone. These hormones are essential elements in the processing of stress, immune response, and various other biological functions.

Methodology

  • The researchers collected venous blood samples and ultrasonographic images of the adrenal glands from 10 healthy neonatal Thoroughbred and 10 healthy neonatal Standardbred foals.
  • These measurements were then used to assess ACTH, cortisol, DHEA, P4 and aldosterone plasma concentrations in the two breeds.
  • The research also calculated various ratios, including ACTH/cortisol, ACTH/progesterone, ACTH/aldosterone, ACTH/DHEA and cortisol/DHEA, to compare and contrast between the breeds.

Findings

  • The researchers found a positive correlation between the height of the right adrenal gland and the foal’s weight, suggesting that the weight of the foal might influence the size of the adrenal gland.
  • The Thoroughbreds showed lower measurements of the right and left adrenal gland and the medulla compared to Standardbreds. This demonstrates that there are significant breed-related differences in terms of adrenal gland measurements.
  • The plasma concentrations of ACTH were lower, and cortisol was higher in Thoroughbreds compared with Standardbreds, indicating variation in hormone concentrations.
  • The cortisol/DHEA ratio was higher in Thoroughbred foals, which could imply a different response to environmental stimulation in the two breeds.

Conclusions

  • The study provides a much-needed comparison of adrenal gland measurements and related hormone concentrations among neonatal Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals.
  • It also underlines potential breed-based differences in adrenal gland measurements and hormone levels, which may influence the foals’ response to their environment.
  • However, as with any study, more extensive research will be needed to further validate and explore these findings.

Cite This Article

APA
Lauteri E, Mariella J, Beccati F, Roelfsema E, Castagnetti C, Pepe M, Peric T, Barbato O, Montillo M, Rouge S, Freccero F. (2021). Adrenal Gland Ultrasonographic Measurements and Plasma Hormone Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Newborn Thoroughbred and Standardbred Foals. Animals (Basel), 11(6), 1832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061832

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
PII: 1832

Researcher Affiliations

Lauteri, Eleonora
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
  • Clinèquine, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy-l'Etoile, 69280 Lyon, France.
Mariella, Jole
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Beccati, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Roelfsema, Ellen
  • Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Castagnetti, Carolina
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Pepe, Marco
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Peric, Tanja
  • Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/B, 33100 Udine, Italy.
Barbato, Olimpia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Montillo, Marta
  • Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/B, 33100 Udine, Italy.
Rouge, Stefanie
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Freccero, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Hernández-Avalos I, Mota-Rojas D, Mendoza-Flores JE, Casas-Alvarado A, Flores-Padilla K, Miranda-Cortes AE, Torres-Bernal F, Gómez-Prado J, Mora-Medina P. Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations. Vet World 2021 Nov;14(11):2984-2995.
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