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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(5); doi: 10.3390/ani12050550

An Exploratory Study on Vectorcardiographic Identification of the Site of Origin of Focally Induced Premature Depolarizations in Horses, Part II: The Ventricles.

Abstract: In human cardiology, the anatomical origin of ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) is determined by the characteristics of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Former studies in horses had contradictory results regarding the diagnostic value of the 12-lead ECG and vectorcardiography (VCG), which results were attributed to the different cardiac conduction system in this species. The objective of this study was to determine if the anatomical origin of pacing-induced VPDs could be differentiated in horses based upon VCG characteristics. A 12-lead ECG was recorded in seven horses under general anesthesia while right and left ventricular endomyocardial pacing was performed (800−1000 ms cycle length) at the apex, mid and high septum and mid and high free wall, and at the right ventricular outflow tract. Catheter positioning was guided by 3D electro-anatomical mapping and echocardiography. A median complex, obtained from four consecutive complexes, was calculated for each pacing location and sinus rhythm. The VCG was calculated from the 12-lead ECG-derived median complexes using custom-made algorithms and was used to determine the initial and maximum electrical axes of the QRS complex. An ANOVA for spherical data was used to test if VCGs between each paced location and between pacing and sinus rhythm were significantly (p < 0.05) different. The model included the radius, azimuth and elevation of each electrical axis. Pacing induced significantly different initial and maximum electrical axes between different locations and between pacing and sinus rhythm. The current results suggest that VCG is a useful technique to identify the anatomical origin of ventricular ectopy in horses.
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Publication Date: 2022-02-23 PubMed ID: 35268119PubMed Central: PMC8908816DOI: 10.3390/ani12050550Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper focuses on how vectorcardiography (VCG) can be used to identify the anatomical origin of ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) in horses. Through tests carried out on seven horses, it was observed that pacing induced significantly different electrical axes between different locations and pacing rhythms, suggesting that VCG could be a valuable tool in equine cardiology.

Objective of the Study

  • The primary aim of the research was to ascertain whether the anatomical origin of pacing-induced VPDs could be differentiated in horses based on VCG characteristics.
  • Researchers sought to establish this by recording a 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) in seven horses under general anesthesia while ventricular endomyocardial pacing was performed at different cardiac locations.

Methodology

  • The researchers recorded a 12-lead ECG in seven horses under general anesthesia. This process involved pacing the right and left ventricular endomyocardium at different locations including the apex, mid and high septum and mid and high free wall, and right ventricular outflow tract.
  • Catheter positioning for pacing was guided by 3D electro-anatomical mapping and echocardiography.
  • A median complex, obtained from four consecutive complexes, was calculated for each pacing location and sinus rhythm. The VCG was then calculated from the 12-lead ECG-derived median complexes using custom-made algorithms. This was used to determine the initial and maximum electrical axes of the QRS complex.

Findings of the Study

  • Utilizing the ANOVA test for spherical data, they determined if VCGs between each paced location and between pacing and sinus rhythm were significantly different. This included considering the radius, azimuth, and elevation of each electrical axis.
  • Significantly different initial and maximum electrical axes were observed between different locations and pacing rhythms. This suggests that the positioning of pacing significantly affects the electrical axes in horses.

Conclusion

  • The pioneering research concludes that VCG could be a valuable technique in equine cardiology, as it can help identify the anatomical origin of ventricular ectopy in horses.
  • The findings suggest that VCG can differentiate the origin of pacing-induced VPDs, which could greatly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of diagnostic cardiac tests in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Van Steenkiste G, Delhaas T, Hermans B, Vera L, Decloedt A, van Loon G. (2022). An Exploratory Study on Vectorcardiographic Identification of the Site of Origin of Focally Induced Premature Depolarizations in Horses, Part II: The Ventricles. Animals (Basel), 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050550

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 5

Researcher Affiliations

Van Steenkiste, Glenn
  • Equine Cardioteam, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Delhaas, Tammo
  • Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Hermans, Ben
  • Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Vera, Lisse
  • Equine Cardioteam, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Decloedt, Annelies
  • Equine Cardioteam, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
van Loon, Gunther
  • Equine Cardioteam, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.

Grant Funding

  • 1134917N / Research Foundation - Flanders
  • 1S56217N / Research Foundation - Flanders

Conflict of Interest Statement

No conflict of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Paulussen E, Van Steenkiste G, Hermans BJM, Decloedt A, van Loon G, Delhaas T. Einthoven's triangle adapted for horses: Proposal for the Delta configuration. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Sep-Oct;38(5):2698-2706.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17179pubmed: 39193868google scholar: lookup
  2. Vernemmen I, Buschmann E, Demeyere M, Verhaeghe LM, Van Steenkiste G, Decloedt A, van Loon G. Feasibility of transthoracic echocardiographic guidance for multicatheter electrophysiological mapping studies in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Sep-Oct;38(5):2686-2697.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17156pubmed: 39096119google scholar: lookup
  3. Avison A, Gelzer AR, Reef VB, Wulster Bills KB, de Solis CN, Kraus MS, Slack J, Stefanovski D, Deacon LJ, Underwood C. Twenty-four hour continuous transvenous temporary right ventricular pacing in healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1751-1764.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17027pubmed: 38514200google scholar: lookup
  4. Buschmann E, Van Steenkiste G, Boussy T, Vernemmen I, Schauvliege S, Decloedt A, van Loon G. Three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping and radiofrequency ablation as a novel treatment for atrioventricular accessory pathway in a horse: A case report. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Mar;37(2):728-734.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16668pubmed: 36866668google scholar: lookup
  5. Weis R, Carstensen H, Sattler SM, Buhl R, Hesselkilde EM. Electrocardiographic Changes in a Horse with Induced Myocardial Infarction. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 16;12(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12101272pubmed: 35625118google scholar: lookup
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