Anatomic reference for computed tomography of the head of the foal.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to produce an anatomic reference for computed tomography (CT) of the head of the foal for use by radiologists, clinicians, and veterinary students. The head from each of 2 foals, euthanized for reasons unrelated to head pathology, was removed and prepared for CT scanning. Using a third-generation CT scanner, 5-mm contiguous transverse images were acquired. The heads were then frozen and sectioned using a band saw, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The anatomic sections were photographed and radiographed. The radiographs and anatomic photographs were digitized and matched with the corresponding CT image. Each CT image was compared with its corresponding radiographic and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Clinically relevant structures were identified and labeled in corresponding images (CT, anatomic slice, and radiograph of slice). Only structures identified in the CT image were labeled in 1 of the other 2 images. Sagittal (reference) images of the horse's head were reconstructed from the transverse CT scans, and were used to indicate the level from which each of the transverse images was obtained. Corresponding labeled images were then formatted together with a legend for identification of specific anatomic structures.
Publication Date: 2002-04-17 PubMed ID: 11954820DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01657.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This study sought to create a detailed, referenceable guide for visualising the anatomic elements of a foal’s head using computed tomography (CT) scans, aimed at being a helpful tool for veterinarians, radiologists, and students in veterinary science.
Methodology
- The researchers acquired the heads of two foals, which were euthanized due to reasons not associated with any head disorders. These were prepared for CT scanning.
- Using a modern CT scanner, they took 5-mm sequential, transverse images (cross-sectional slices).
- After scanning, the heads were frozen and then sawed into sections. The researchers tried to match the physical cuts with the CT slices.
- These physical sections were photographed and further radiographed (x-ray imaged) to produce a set of corresponding images to compare to the CT images.
Data Processing
- The photograph and radiograph images were digitized. This allowed them to be accurately lined up with the corresponding CT images.
- On a closer comparison of each set of images, the scientists tried to identify distinct physiological structures within them.
Laboring and Identification
- Specific structures of clinical significance were labeled on the corresponding images of CT scans, anatomic slices, and radiographs. This created a more holistic view of the foal’s head anatomy across different imaging methods.
- Only the structures identified in the CT image were labeled in one of the other two types of images to maintain consistency across all images and avoid possible misidentification.
Reconstruction
- Sagittal (side view, vertical plane) images were reconstructed from the transverse (cross-sectional) CT scans to show the layer from which each cross-sectional image was captured. This assisted in creating a three-dimensional understanding for the viewer.
- The labeled images were then formatted together along with a legend to aid in the identification of specific anatomic structures for ease-of-use.
Overall, the study aimed to provide a comprehensive anatomical reference of a foal’s head through the use of CT scan imagery, aiming to assist professionals and students dealing with equine health.
Cite This Article
APA
Smallwood JE, Wood BC, Taylor WE, Tate LP.
(2002).
Anatomic reference for computed tomography of the head of the foal.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 43(2), 99-117.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01657.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Head / anatomy & histology
- Head / diagnostic imaging
- Horses / anatomy & histology
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Masoudifard M, Zehtabvar O, Modarres SH, Pariz F, Tohidifar M. CT anatomy of the head in the Ile de France sheep.. Vet Med Sci 2022 Jul;8(4):1694-1708.
- Goodarzi N, Zehtabvar O, Tohidifar M. Applied anatomy of the skull in the Arabian horse: A computed tomographic, cross-sectional, volumetric and morphometric study.. Vet Med Sci 2021 Nov;7(6):2225-2233.
- Hartl B, Egerbacher M, Kneissl SM. Correlated Imaging of the Equine Hyoid Apparatus Using CT, Micro-CT, and Histology.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:652563.
- Ben Khalifa A, Ben Braiek A, Belhaj Hmida L, Chandoul W, Mattoussi A. Macroscopic anatomy, radiography and computed tomography of normal paranasal sinuses of the adult one-humped dromedary (Camelus dromedarius).. Vet Med Sci 2021 Sep;7(5):1460-1468.
- Dixon PM, Barnett TP, Morgan RE, Reardon RJM. Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:580356.
- Poore LA, Le Roux C, Carstens A. Trauma-induced exostosis of multiple suture lines causing partial bilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction in a 7-year-old Thoroughbred mare.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2019 Sep 26;90(0):e1-e7.
- Kaminsky J, Bienert-Zeit A, Hellige M, Rohn K, Ohnesorge B. Comparison of image quality and in vivo appearance of the normal equine nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses in computed tomography and high field (3.0 T) magnetic resonance imaging.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Jan 19;12:13.
- Crijns CP, Baeumlin Y, De Rycke L, Broeckx BJ, Vlaminck L, Bergman EH, van Bree H, Gielen I. Intra-arterial versus intra venous contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the equine head.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Jan 7;12:6.
- Bahar S, Bolat D, Dayan MO, Paksoy Y. Two- and three-dimensional anatomy of paranasal sinuses in Arabian foals.. J Vet Med Sci 2014 Jan;76(1):37-44.
- Perrier M, Schwarz T, Gonzalez O, Brounts S. Squamous cell carcinoma invading the right temporomandibular joint in a Belgian mare.. Can Vet J 2010 Aug;51(8):885-7.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
