FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Association of Equine Herpesvirus 5 with Mild Respiratory Di...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(12); doi: 10.3390/ani11123418

Association of Equine Herpesvirus 5 with Mild Respiratory Disease in a Survey of EHV1, -2, -4 and -5 in 407 Australian Horses.

Abstract: Equine herpesviruses (EHVs) are common respiratory pathogens in horses; whilst the alphaherpesviruses are better understood, the clinical importance of the gammaherpesviruses remains undetermined. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of, and any association between, equine respiratory herpesviruses EHV1, -2, -4 and -5 infection in horses with and without clinical signs of respiratory disease. Nasal swabs were collected from 407 horses in Victoria and included clinically normal horses that had been screened for regulatory purposes. Samples were collected from horses during Australia's equine influenza outbreak in 2007; however, horses in Victoria required testing for proof of freedom from EIV. All horses tested in Victoria were negative for EIV, hence archived swabs were available to screen for other pathogens such as EHVs. Quantitative PCR techniques were used to detect EHVs. Of the 407 horses sampled, 249 (61%) were clinically normal, 120 (29%) presented with clinical signs consistent with mild respiratory disease and 38 (9%) horses had an unknown clinical history. Of the three horses detected shedding EHV1, and the five shedding EHV4, only one was noted to have clinical signs referable to respiratory disease. The proportion of EHV5-infected horses in the diseased group (85/120, 70.8%) was significantly greater than those not showing signs of disease (137/249, 55%). The odds of EHV5-positive horses demonstrating clinical signs of respiratory disease were twice that of EHV5-negative horses (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.16). No quantitative difference between mean loads of EHV shedding between diseased and non-diseased horses was detected. The clinical significance of respiratory gammaherpesvirus infections in horses remains to be determined; however, this survey adds to the mounting body of evidence associating EHV5 with equine respiratory disease.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-11-30 PubMed ID: 34944194PubMed Central: PMC8697987DOI: 10.3390/ani11123418Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research aimed to explore the prevalence and potential associations between different types of equine herpesviruses (EHVs) and respiratory diseases in horses. The study revealed a higher proportion of EHV5 infections among horses showing signs of respiratory disease compared to those appearing healthy, suggesting the potential link between EHV5 and equine respiratory illnesses.

Study Design and Methodology

  • This study was designed to determine the prevalence and possible connections of equine respiratory herpesviruses – EHV1, EHV2, EHV4, and EHV5 infections among horses, whether or not they showed signs of respiratory disease.
  • The researchers collected nasal swabs from 407 horses in Victoria, Australia, including clinically normal horses that had been screened for regulatory purposes.
  • The samples had been collected during Australia’s equine influenza outbreak in 2007, when horses in Victoria were being tested to prove freedom from Equine Influenza Virus (EIV). All horses tested at the time were EIV-negative, making their archived swabs available for screening other possible pathogens like EHVs.

Data Collection and Analysis

  • The team used quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques to detect EHVs’ presence.
  • Out of the 407 horses sampled, 249 (61%) were clinically normal, 120 (29%) showed clinical signs consistent with mild respiratory disease, while 38 (9%) horses had an unknown clinical status.
  • Among the horses detected shedding EHV1 and EHV4, only one showed clinical signs of respiratory disease.
  • The proportion of EHV5-infected horses in the diseased group was higher than those not showing signs of disease. This indicates a potential connection between EHV5 infection and respiratory disease in horses.

Key Findings

  • The odds of EHV5-positive horses exhibiting clinical signs of respiratory disease were twice as high as those of EHV5-negative horses.
  • No significant difference was observed in the mean loads of EHV shedding between diseased and non-diseased horses.
  • The study did not conclude the clinical significance of respiratory gammaherpesvirus infections in horses; however, the findings contribute to an increasing body of evidence associating EHV5 with equine respiratory disease.

Overall, this research adds valuable insights to understanding equine herpesviruses, particularly the potential linkage between EHV5 infection and respiratory diseases in horses. It encourages further investigation to determine the role of respiratory gammaherpesvirus infections in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
El-Hage C, Mekuria Z, Dynon K, Hartley C, McBride K, Gilkerson J. (2021). Association of Equine Herpesvirus 5 with Mild Respiratory Disease in a Survey of EHV1, -2, -4 and -5 in 407 Australian Horses. Animals (Basel), 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123418

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 12

Researcher Affiliations

El-Hage, Charles
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Mekuria, Zelalem
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
  • Global One Health Initiative, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Dynon, Kemperly
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Hartley, Carol
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
McBride, Kristin
  • UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
Gilkerson, James
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 71 references
  1. Slater J. Equine herpesviruses. In: Sellon D., Long M., editors. Equine Infectious Diseases. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2014. pp. 151–168.
  2. Matsumura T, Sugiura T, Imagawa H, Fukunaga Y, Kamada M. Epizootiological Aspects of Type 1 and Type 4 Equine Herpesvirus Infections among Horse Populations. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1992;54:207–211.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.54.207pubmed: 1318750google scholar: lookup
  3. Studdert M. Virus Infections of Vertebrates, Virus Infections of Equines. Elsevier Science Publishers; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 1996. pp. 281–284.
  4. Allen G.P, Kydd J.H, Slater J.D, Smith K.C. Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4) infections. In: Tustin J.C.A.R., editor. Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Oxford Press; Cape Town, South Africa: 2004. pp. 829–859.
  5. Allen G.P, Murray M. Equid herpesvirus 2 and equid herpesvirus 5 infections. In: Tustin J.C.A.R., editor. Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Oxford Press; Cape Town, South Africa: 2004. pp. 860–867.
  6. Hartley C.A, Dynon K.J, Mekuria Z.H, El-Hage C.M, Holloway S.A, Gilkerson J.R. Equine gammaherpesviruses: Perfect parasites?. Vet. Microbiol. 2013;167:86–92.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.031pubmed: 23845734google scholar: lookup
  7. Fortier G, van Erck E, Pronost S, Lekeux P, Thiry E. Equine gammaherpesviruses: Pathogenesis, epidemiology and diagnosis. Vet. J. 2010;186:148–156.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.017pubmed: 19766026google scholar: lookup
  8. Borchers K, Lieckfeldt D, Ludwig A, Fukushi H, Allen G, Fyumagwa R, Hoare R. Detection of Equid herpesvirus 9 DNA in the trigeminal ganglia of a Burchell’s zebra from the Serengeti ecosystem. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2008;70:1377–1381.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.70.1377pubmed: 19122410google scholar: lookup
  9. Borchers K, Wolfinger U, Goltz M, Broll H, Ludwig H. Distribution and relevance of equine herpesvirus type 2(EHV-2) infections. Arch. Virol. 1997;142:917–928.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050050128pubmed: 9191857google scholar: lookup
  10. Browning G.F, Studdert M.J. Epidemiology of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus). J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987;25:13–16.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.13-16.1987pmc: PMC265802pubmed: 3025249google scholar: lookup
  11. Dunowska M, Howe L, Hanlon D, Stevenson M. Kinetics of Equid herpesvirus type 2 infections in a group of Thoroughbred foals. Vet. Microbiol. 2011;152:176–180.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.017pubmed: 21616610google scholar: lookup
  12. Dunowska M, Wilks C.R, Studdert M, Meers J. Equine respiratory viruses in foals in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2002;50:140–147.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2002.36300pubmed: 16032260google scholar: lookup
  13. Dunowska M, Wilks C, Studdert M, Meers J. Viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in New Zealand. N. Z. Vet. J. 2002;50:132–139.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2002.36299pubmed: 16032259google scholar: lookup
  14. Fortier G, van Erck E, Fortier C, Richard E, Pottier D, Pronost S, Miszczak F, Thiry E, Lekeux P. Herpesviruses in respiratory liquids of horses: Putative implication in airway inflammation and association with cytological features. Vet. Microbiol. 2009;139:34–41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.021pubmed: 19427139google scholar: lookup
  15. Torfason E.G, Thorsteinsdottir L, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. Study of equid herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Iceland with a type-specific polymerase chain reaction. Res. Vet. Sci. 2008;85:605–611.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.01.003pubmed: 18336849google scholar: lookup
  16. Bell S.A, Balasuriya U.B, Gardner I.A, Barry P.A, Wilson W.D, Ferraro G.L, MacLachlan N.J. Temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. Vet. Microbiol. 2006;116:249–257.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.05.002pubmed: 16774810google scholar: lookup
  17. Wang L, Raidal S.L, Pizzirani A, Wilcox G.E. Detection of respiratory herpesviruses in foals and adult horses determined by nested multiplex PCR. Vet. Microbiol. 2007;121:18–28.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.009pubmed: 17208393google scholar: lookup
  18. Pusterla N, Magdesian K.G, Mapes S.M, Zavodovskaya R, Kass P.H. Assessment of quantitative polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus-5 in blood, nasal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the laboratory diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Equine Vet. J. 2016;49:34–38.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12545pubmed: 26639080google scholar: lookup
  19. Brown J.A, Mapes S, Ball B.A, Hodder A.D.J, Liu I.K.M, Pusterla N. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus-1 infection among Thoroughbreds residing on a farm on which the virus was endemic. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2007;231:577–580.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.231.4.577pubmed: 17696859google scholar: lookup
  20. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Madigan J.E, MacLachlan N.J, Ferraro G.L, Watson J.L, Spier S.J, Wilson W.D. Prevalence of EHV-1 in adult horses transported over long distances. Vet. Rec. 2009;165:473–475.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.165.16.473pubmed: 19850855google scholar: lookup
  21. Gilkerson J, Jorm L.R, Love D.N, Lawrence G.L, Whalley J.M. Epidemiological investigation of equid herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) excretion assessed by nasal swabs taken from thoroughbred foals. Vet. Microbiol. 1994;39:275–283.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90164-3pubmed: 8042275google scholar: lookup
  22. Gilkerson J, Whalley J, Drummer H, Studdert M, Love D. Epidemiology of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the mare and foal populations on a Hunter Valley stud farm: Are mares the source of EHV-1 for unweaned foals. Vet. Microbiol. 1999;68:27–34.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00058-9pubmed: 10501159google scholar: lookup
  23. Gibson J.S, Slater J.D, Awan A.R, Field H.J. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 in specific pathogen-free foals: Primary and secondary infections and reactivation. Arch. Virol. 1992;123:351–366.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01317269pubmed: 1314051google scholar: lookup
  24. Yactor J, Lunn K.F, Morley P, Barnett C.D, Kohler A.K, Kasper K.S, Kivi A.J, Lunn D.P. Detection of nasal shedding of EHV-1 and 4 at equine show events and sales by multiplex real-time PCR. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP); San Antonio, TX, USA. 6 December 2006; pp. 223–227.
  25. Wang L. An Investigation of the Association between Herpes Viruses and Respiratory Disease. Murdoch University; Perth, WA, Australia: 2003.
  26. Back H, Ullman K, Berndtsson L.T, Riihimäki M, Penell J, Ståhl K, Valarcher J.-F, Pringle J. Viral load of equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 in nasal swabs of actively racing Standardbred trotters: Temporal relationship of shedding to clinical findings and poor performance. Vet. Microbiol. 2015;179:142–148.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.06.002pubmed: 26093774google scholar: lookup
  27. Nordengrahn A, Merza M, Ros C, Lindholm A, Hannant D. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus types 2 and 5 in horse populations by using type-specific PCR assays. Vet. Res. 2002;33:251–259.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2002013pubmed: 12056476google scholar: lookup
  28. Diallo I.S, Hewitson G.R, De Jong A, Kelly M.A, Wright D.J, Corney B.G, Rodwell B.J. Equine herpesvirus infections in yearlings in South-East Queensland. Arch. Virol. 2008;153:1643–1649.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0158-ypubmed: 18677574google scholar: lookup
  29. McBrearty K.A, Murray A, Dunowska M. A survey of respiratory viruses in New Zealand horses. N. Z. Vet. J. 2013;61:254–261.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.745211pubmed: 23425354google scholar: lookup
  30. Hue E.S, Fortier G.D, Fortier C.I, Leon A.M, Richard E.A, Legrand L.J, Pronost S.L. Detection and quantitation of equid gammaherpesviruses (EHV-2, EHV-5) in nasal swabs using an accredited standardised quantitative PCR method. J. Virol. Methods. 2014;198:18–25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.008pubmed: 24370678google scholar: lookup
  31. Back H, Kendall A, Grandón R, Ullman K, Treiberg-Berndtsson L, Ståhl K, Pringle J. Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis in association with asinine herpesvirus type 5 and equine herpesvirus type 5: A case report. Acta Vet. Scand. 2012;54:57.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-57pmc: PMC3511884pubmed: 23009194google scholar: lookup
  32. Williams K.J, Maes R, Del Piero F, Lim A, Wise A, Bolin D.C, Caswell J, Jackson C, Robinson N.E, Derksen F. Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Newly Recognized Herpesvirus-Associated Fibrotic Lung Disease. Vet. Pathol. 2007;44:849–862.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.44-6-849pubmed: 18039898google scholar: lookup
  33. Marenzoni M.L, Passamonti F, Lepri E, Cercone M, Capomaccio S, Cappelli K, Felicetti M, Coppola G, Coletti M, Thiry E. Quantification of Equid herpesvirus 5 DNA in clinical and necropsy specimens collected from a horse with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2011;23:802–806.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638711407890pubmed: 21908328google scholar: lookup
  34. Williams K.J, Robinson N.E, Lim A, Brandenberger C, Maes R, Behan A, Bolin S.R. Experimental Induction of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Horses with the Gammaherpesvirus Equine Herpesvirus 5. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e77754.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077754pmc: PMC3795644pubmed: 24147074google scholar: lookup
  35. Edington N, Welch H, Griffiths L. The prevalence of latent Equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses. Equine Vet. J. 1994;26:140–142.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04353.xpubmed: 8575377google scholar: lookup
  36. Purewal A.S, Smallwood A.V, Kaushal A, Adegboye D, Edington N. Identification and control of the cis-acting elements of the immediate early gene of equid herpesvirus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 1992;73:513–519.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-3-513pubmed: 1545217google scholar: lookup
  37. Welch H.M, Bridges C.G, Lyon A.M, Griffiths L, Edington N. Latent equid herpesviruses 1 and 4: Detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. J. Gen. Virol. 1992;73:261–268.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-261pubmed: 1347078google scholar: lookup
  38. Marenzoni M.L, Bietta A, Lepri E, Proietti P.C, Cordioli P, Canelli E, Stefanetti V, Coletti M, Timoney P.J, Passamonti F. Role of equine herpesviruses as co-infecting agents in cases of abortion, placental disease and neonatal foal mortality. Vet. Res. Commun. 2013;37:311–317.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-013-9578-6pubmed: 24052369google scholar: lookup
  39. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, White A, Hodzic E. Investigation of the role of lesser characterised respiratory viruses associated with upper respiratory tract infections in horses. Vet. Rec. 2013;172:315.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.100943pubmed: 23423483google scholar: lookup
  40. Dynon K, Black W, Ficorilli N, Hartley C, Studdert M. Detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology. Aust. Vet. J. 2007;85:46–50.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00096.xpubmed: 17300454google scholar: lookup
  41. Mekuria Z.H. Equine herpesvirus 5; Cellular and molecular biology. Veterinary Science. University of Melbourne; Melbourne, VIC, Australia: 2015.
  42. Telford E.A, Watson M.S, Aird H.C, Perry J, Davison A.J. The DNA Sequence of Equine Herpesvirus 2. J. Mol. Biol. 1995;249:520–528.
    doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1995.0314pubmed: 7783207google scholar: lookup
  43. Silins S.L, Sherritt M.A, Silleri J.M, Cross S.M, Elliott S.L, Bharadwaj M, Le T.T.T, Morrison L.E, Khanna R, Moss D.J. Asymptomatic primary Epstein-Barr virus infection occurs in the absence of blood T-cell repertoire perturbations despite high levels of systemic viral load. Blood 2001;98:3739–3744.
    doi: 10.1182/blood.V98.13.3739pubmed: 11739180google scholar: lookup
  44. Sitki-Green D.L, Edwards R.H, Covington M.M, Raab-Traub N. Biology of Epstein-Barr Virus during Infectious Mononucleosis. J. Infect. Dis. 2004;189:483–492.
    doi: 10.1086/380800pubmed: 14745706google scholar: lookup
  45. . Information for Victorian Veterinarians. Agriculture Victoria 2007 [(accessed on 20 May 2020)]; Available online: https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/animal-diseases/horse-diseases/equine-influenza.
  46. Goyen K.A, Wright J.D, Cunneen A, Henning J. Playing with fire—What is influencing horse owners’ decisions to not vaccinate their horses against deadly Hendra virus infection?. PLoS ONE 2017;12:e0180062.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180062pmc: PMC5479593pubmed: 28636633google scholar: lookup
  47. Kirkland P, Davis R, Wong D, Ryan D, Hart K, Corney B, Hewitson G, Cooper K, Biddle A, Eastwood S. The first five days: Field and laboratory investigations during the early stages of the equine influenza outbreak in Australia, 2007. Aust. Vet. J. 2011;89:6–10.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00724.xpubmed: 21711269google scholar: lookup
  48. Dynon K, Varrasso A, Ficorilli N, Holloway S, Reubel G, Li F, Hartley C, Studdert M, Drummer H. Identification of equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 and 5, equine adenoviruses 1 and 2, equine arteritis virus and equine rhinitis A virus by polymerase chain reaction. Aust. Vet. J. 2001;79:695–702.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10674.xpubmed: 11712710google scholar: lookup
  49. Studdert M, Blackney M. Equine herpesviruses: On the Differentiation of respiratory from foetal strains of type 1. Aust. Vet. J. 1979;55:488–492.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb00377.xpubmed: 231960google scholar: lookup
  50. Browning G.F, Studdert M.J. Genomic Heterogeneity of Equine Betaherpesviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 1987;68:1441–1447.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-5-1441pubmed: 2883251google scholar: lookup
  51. Turner A.J, Studdert M.J, Peterson J.E. 2. Persistence of Equine Herpesviruses in Experimentally Infected Horses and the Experimental Induction of Abortion. Aust. Vet. J. 1970;46:90–98.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1970.tb15928.xpubmed: 4316594google scholar: lookup
  52. Dynon K. Pathogenesis of equine herpes virus type 2 (EHV2) infection and cellular processing of EHV2 glycoprotein. School of Veterinary Science 2010. University of Melbourne; Melbourne, VIC, Australia: 2010.
  53. Brault S.A, Bird B.H, Balasuriya U.B, MacLachlan N.J. Genetic heterogeneity and variation in viral load during equid herpesvirus-2 infection of foals. Vet. Microbiol. 2011;147:253–261.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.031pubmed: 20655670google scholar: lookup
  54. Brault S.A, Blanchard M.T, Gardner I.A, Stott J.L, Pusterla N, Mapes S.M, Vernaua W, De Jongc K.D, MacLachlana N.J. The immune response of foals to natural infection with equid herpesvirus-2 and its association with febrile illness. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2010;137:136–141.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.05.010pubmed: 20646766google scholar: lookup
  55. Drummer H.E, Reubel G.H, Studdert M.J. Equine gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV2) is latent in B lymphocytes. Arch. Virol. 1996;141:495–504.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01718313pubmed: 8645091google scholar: lookup
  56. Borchers K, Wolfinger U, Ludwig H, Thein P, Baxi S, Field H.J, Slater J.D. Virological and molecular biological investigations into equine herpes virus type 2 (EHV-2) experimental infections. Virus Res. 1998;55:101–106.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00028-8pubmed: 9712516google scholar: lookup
  57. Reubel G.H, Crabb B.S, Studdert M.J. Diagnosis of equine gammaherpesvirus 2 and 5 infections by polymerase chain reaction. Arch. Virol. 1995;140:1049–1060.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01315414pubmed: 7611877google scholar: lookup
  58. Nordengrahn A, Rusvai M, Merza M, Ekstrom J, Morein B, Belak S. Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) as a predisposing factor for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: Prevention of the bifactorial disease with EHV-2 immunostimulating complexes. Vet. Microbiol. 1996;51:55–68.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00032-6pubmed: 8828122google scholar: lookup
  59. Fortier G, Richard E, Hue E, Fortier C, Pronost S, Pottier D, Lemaitre L, Lekeux P, Borchers K, Thiryg E. Long-lasting airway inflammation associated with equid herpesvirus-2 in experimentally challenged horses. Vet. J. 2013;197:492–495.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.027pubmed: 23433569google scholar: lookup
  60. Murray M.J, Eichorn E.S, Dubovi E.J, Ley W.B, Cavey D.M. Equine herpesvirus type 2: Prevalence and seroepidemiology in foals. Equine Vet. J. 1996;28:432–436.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01614.xpubmed: 9049491google scholar: lookup
  61. Balfou H.H.J, Holman C.J, Hokanson K.M, Lelonek M.M, Giesbrecht J.E, White D.R, Schmeling D.O, Webb C.-H, Cavert W, Wang D.H. A prospective clinical study of Epstein-Barr virus and host interactions during acute infectious mononucleosis. J. Infect. Dis. 2005;192:1505–1512.
    doi: 10.1086/491740pubmed: 16206064google scholar: lookup
  62. Brault S.A, Maclachlan N.J. Equid gammaherpesviruses: Persistent bystanders or true pathogens?. Vet. J. 2011;187:14–15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.015pubmed: 20335057google scholar: lookup
  63. Foote C.E, Love D.N, Gilkerson J.R, Whalley J.M. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA in unweaned Thoroughbred foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. Equine Vet. J. 2004;36:341–345.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044890634pubmed: 15163042google scholar: lookup
  64. Pusterla N, Leutenegger C.M, Wilson W.D, Watson J.L, Ferraro G.L, Madigan J.E. Equine herpesvirus-4 kinetics in peripheral blood leukocytes and nasopharyngeal secretions in foals using quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2005;17:578–581.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870501700610pubmed: 16475518google scholar: lookup
  65. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wilson W.D. Use of viral loads in blood and nasopharyngeal secretions for the diagnosis of EHV-1 infection in field cases. Veterinary Record 2008:728–729.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.162.22.728pubmed: 18515763google scholar: lookup
  66. Gilkerson J.R, Love D.N, Whalley J.M. Epidemiology of equine herpesvirus abortion: Searching for clues to the future. Aust. Vet. J. 1998;76:675–676.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12280.xpubmed: 9830567google scholar: lookup
  67. Gilkerson J.R, Love D.N, Whalley J.M. Incidence of equine herpesvirus 1 infection in thoroughbred weanlings on two stud farms. Aust. Vet. J. 2000;78:277–278.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11757.xpubmed: 10840577google scholar: lookup
  68. Edington N, Bridges C.G, Huckle A. Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids. Equine Vet. J. 1985;17:369–372.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02524.xpubmed: 2996879google scholar: lookup
  69. Slater J.D, Borchers K, Thackray A.M, Field H.J. The trigeminal ganglion is a location for equine herpesvirus 1 latency and reactivation in the horse. J. Gen. Virol. 1994;75:2007–2016.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-8-2007pubmed: 8046404google scholar: lookup
  70. Borchers K, Ebert M, Fetsch A, Hammond T, Sterner-Kock A. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) DNA in ocular swabs and its cell tropism in equine conjunctiva. Vet. Microbiol. 2006;118:260–266.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.07.024pubmed: 16996233google scholar: lookup
  71. Walton A.H, Muenzer J.T, Rasche D, Boomer J.S, Sato B, Brownstein B.H, Pachot A, Brooks T.L, Deych E, Shannon W.D. Reactivation of multiple viruses in patients with sepsis. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e98819.
    pmc: PMC4053360pubmed: 24919177

Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. James K, Chappell DE, Craig B, Pariseau C, Wright C, van Harreveld P, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Investigation of Selected Prevalence Factors Associated with EHV-2 and/or EHV-5 Infection in Horses with Acute Onset of Fever and Respiratory Signs. Viruses 2025 Apr 25;17(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v17050612pubmed: 40431624google scholar: lookup
  2. Worku A, Molla W, Kenubih A, Negussie H, Admassu B, Ejo M, Dagnaw GG, Bitew AB, Fentahun T, Getnet K, Dejene H, Berrie K, Ibrahim SM, Gessese AT, Dessalegn B, Birhan M, Fenta MD, Kinde MZ. Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesviruses from Field Outbreaks in Donkeys in Northwest Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2024;2024:9928835.
    doi: 10.1155/2024/9928835pubmed: 39380749google scholar: lookup
  3. Ryt-Hansen P, Johansen VK, Cuicani MM, Larsen LE, Hansen S. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in Denmark: tracing patient zero and viral characterization. BMC Vet Res 2024 Jul 3;20(1):287.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04149-xpubmed: 38961400google scholar: lookup
  4. El-Zayat M, Shemies OA, Mosad SM, El Rahman SA. Recent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 among different equine populations in Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023 Dec;10(4):639-646.
    doi: 10.5455/javar.2023.j719pubmed: 38370903google scholar: lookup
  5. Shapter FM, Granados-Soler JL, Stewart AJ, Bertin FR, Allavena R. Equine Crofton Weed (Ageratina spp.) Pneumotoxicity: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jun 23;13(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13132082pubmed: 37443880google scholar: lookup
  6. Anderson C, Baha H, Boghdeh N, Barrera M, Alem F, Narayanan A. Interactions of Equine Viruses with the Host Kinase Machinery and Implications for One Health and Human Disease. Viruses 2023 May 13;15(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v15051163pubmed: 37243249google scholar: lookup
  7. Finger MA, Biava JS, Dornbusch PT, Perotta JH, Ullmann LS, Serpa PBDS, Kmetiuk LB, Dos Santos AP, Biondo AW, Leutenegger C, Filho IRB. Molecular detection of equid herpesvirus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asymptomatic horses in Southern Brazil. Vet World 2022 Nov;15(11):2597-2602.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2597-2602pubmed: 36590117google scholar: lookup
  8. Badr C, Souiai O, Arbi M, El Behi I, Essaied MS, Khosrof I, Benkahla A, Chabchoub A, Ghram A. Epidemiological and Phylogeographic Study of Equid Herpesviruses in Tunisia. Pathogens 2022 Sep 5;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens11091016pubmed: 36145448google scholar: lookup
  9. Steinman A, Erster O, Tirosh-Levy S. Virus Infection in Equine. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 8;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12080957pubmed: 35454204google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,105 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.