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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Radiol Ultrasound / Communications of normal nasal and paranasal cavities in com...
Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association2005; 46(1); 44-48; doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00008.x

Communications of normal nasal and paranasal cavities in computed tomography of horses.

Abstract: Heads from 15 male and female horses of various breeds and ages were examined with computed tomography under general anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. The main interest was the evaluation of the entire paranasal sinus system. Special attention was paid to the location, size, and shape of the conchomaxillary, nasomaxillary, frontomaxillary, and sphenopalatinal openings. The frontomaxillary opening was the largest aperture and was found to be age-dependent in size mostly. Orientation and shape of the openings were sagittal or horizontal; the narrowest of them was the slit-like nasomaxillary aperture. The thickness of the vascularized mucous membranes in the nasal cavity was obtained up to 6 mm; the surface was smooth and well defined. The paranasal lining was invisible in computed tomography (CT) images because of its thin layer. CT proved to be a very useful method for documentation of the paranasal openings and for evaluation of the state of the mucous membranes in the nasal and paranasal cavities.
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Publication Date: 2005-02-08 PubMed ID: 15693558DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00008.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examined the entire paranasal sinus system of various horses using computed tomography and focused on the location, size, and shape of specific key openings. The study found that the frontomaxillary opening was the largest, and mostly age-dependent, whilst noting that computed tomography was a useful method for this type of examination.

Methodology of the Study

  • The study used computed tomography (CT), a type of imaging that uses special x-ray equipment to obtain image data from different angles around the body, to examine heads from 15 male and female horses of various breeds and ages.
  • Each of the horses was placed under general anesthesia in dorsal recumbency, meaning they were lying on their backs, to ensure they would not move during the imaging process.

Focus of the Study

  • The main focus of the study was the evaluation of the paranasal sinus system, which is a group of air-filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity in the horses.
  • Specifically, the study honed in on four key openings: the conchomaxillary, nasomaxillary, frontomaxillary, and sphenopalatinal. The researchers sought to identify their location, size, and shape.

Key Findings of the Study

  • The researchers found that the frontomaxillary opening was the largest of the four focused areas, and that the size of this opening was mostly age-dependent.
  • The various openings were found to be either sagittal (oriented vertically) or horizontal in nature. Of all the openings, the nasomaxillary aperture was the most narrow and was described as being “slit-like”.
  • The thickness of the vascularized (having a good supply of blood vessels) mucous membranes in the nasal cavity was found to be up to 6mm. The researchers described the surface as being smooth and well defined.
  • The lining of the paranasal sinus though could not be visualized in the CT images due to it being a very thin layer.

Importance and Applications of the Study

  • The researchers concluded that CT is a valuable tool for documenting the paranasal openings and evaluating the condition of the mucous membranes in the nasal and paranasal cavities of horses.
  • This information can be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of sinus diseases in horses, and can aid in increasing understanding of the equine nasal and paranasal system in general.

Cite This Article

APA
Probst A, Henninger W, Willmann M. (2005). Communications of normal nasal and paranasal cavities in computed tomography of horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 46(1), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00008.x

Publication

Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association
ISSN: 1058-8183
NlmUniqueID: 9209635
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 46
Issue: 1
Pages: 44-48

Researcher Affiliations

Probst, Alexander
  • Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria. Alexander.Probst@vu-wien.ac.at
Henninger, Wolfgang
    Willmann, Michael

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Female
      • Horses / anatomy & histology
      • Male
      • Nasal Cavity / anatomy & histology
      • Nasal Cavity / diagnostic imaging
      • Paranasal Sinuses / anatomy & histology
      • Paranasal Sinuses / diagnostic imaging
      • Reference Values
      • Tomography, X-Ray Computed / veterinary

      Citations

      This article has been cited 13 times.
      1. Riahi Z, Naeini AT, Zare R. Evaluation of maturation-related changes in maxillary sinus diameter and cheek teeth positioning relative to the maxillary sinus in the Dareshuri horse. J Equine Sci 2025;36(3):81-91.
        doi: 10.1294/jes.36.81pubmed: 40980337google scholar: lookup
      2. Kabkia BD, Ouertani L, Lamari A, Magnibo GN, Khalifa AB. Gross Anatomical Description and CT Scan of the Dromedary Paranasal Sinuses. Vet Med Sci 2025 May;11(3):e70408.
        doi: 10.1002/vms3.70408pubmed: 40359221google scholar: lookup
      3. Morales Bordon D, Suárez-Cabrera F, Ramírez G, Paz-Oliva P, Morales-Espino A, Arencibia A, Encinoso M, Ventura MR, Jaber JR. Study of the Normal Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata) Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses by Cross-Sectional Anatomy and Computed Tomography. Vet Sci 2024 Nov 29;11(12).
        doi: 10.3390/vetsci11120611pubmed: 39728951google scholar: lookup
      4. Nomir AG, El Sharaby A, Hanafy BG, Abumandour MMA. Head of Zebu cattle (Bos Taurus indicus): sectional anatomy and 3D computed tomography. BMC Vet Res 2024 Jul 16;20(1):318.
        doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04141-5pubmed: 39014413google scholar: lookup
      5. Borowska M, Lipowicz P, Daunoravičienė K, Turek B, Jasiński T, Pauk J, Domino M. Three-Dimensional Segmentation of Equine Paranasal Sinuses in Multidetector Computed Tomography Datasets: Preliminary Morphometric Assessment Assisted with Clustering Analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2024 May 30;24(11).
        doi: 10.3390/s24113538pubmed: 38894336google scholar: lookup
      6. Masoudifard M, Zehtabvar O, Modarres SH, Pariz F, Tohidifar M. CT anatomy of the head in the Ile de France sheep. Vet Med Sci 2022 Jul;8(4):1694-1708.
        doi: 10.1002/vms3.834pubmed: 35639620google scholar: lookup
      7. Goodarzi N, Zehtabvar O, Tohidifar M. Applied anatomy of the skull in the Arabian horse: A computed tomographic, cross-sectional, volumetric and morphometric study. Vet Med Sci 2021 Nov;7(6):2225-2233.
        doi: 10.1002/vms3.618pubmed: 34453414google scholar: lookup
      8. Köhler L, Schulz-Kornas E, Vervuert I, Gittel C, Winter K, Berner D, Gerlach K. Volumetric measurements of paranasal sinuses and examination of sinonasal communication in healthy Shetland ponies: anatomical and morphometric characteristics using computed tomography. BMC Vet Res 2021 Jan 21;17(1):41.
        doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02748-6pubmed: 33478485google scholar: lookup
      9. Emam H, Aref M, Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Abdelaal A, Gouda S, Gomaa M. Description of normal head structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and cross-sectional anatomy. Vet World 2020 Aug;13(8):1581-1587.
        doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1581-1587pubmed: 33061230google scholar: lookup
      10. Schwieder A, Pfarrer C, Ohnesorge B, Staszyk C, Bienert-Zeit A. Comparative studies on the histological characteristics of equine nasomaxillary aperture and paranasal sinus mucosa considering topographic and age-related differences. Acta Vet Scand 2020 Jun 23;62(1):34.
        doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00534-2pubmed: 32576268google scholar: lookup
      11. Kaminsky J, Bienert-Zeit A, Hellige M, Rohn K, Ohnesorge B. Comparison of image quality and in vivo appearance of the normal equine nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses in computed tomography and high field (3.0 T) magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Vet Res 2016 Jan 19;12:13.
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      12. Brinkschulte M, Bienert-Zeit A, Lüpke M, Hellige M, Ohnesorge B, Staszyk C. The sinonasal communication in the horse: examinations using computerized three-dimensional reformatted renderings of computed-tomography datasets. BMC Vet Res 2014 Mar 19;10:72.
        doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-72pubmed: 24646003google scholar: lookup
      13. Bahar S, Bolat D, Dayan MO, Paksoy Y. Two- and three-dimensional anatomy of paranasal sinuses in Arabian foals. J Vet Med Sci 2014 Jan;76(1):37-44.
        doi: 10.1292/jvms.13-0172pubmed: 24004969google scholar: lookup
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