FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Comparison of Ketamine/Diazepam and Tiletamine/Zolazepam Com...
Veterinary sciences2024; 11(12); 612; doi: 10.3390/vetsci11120612

Comparison of Ketamine/Diazepam and Tiletamine/Zolazepam Combinations for Anaesthesia Induction in Horses Undergoing Partial Intravenous Anaesthesia (PIVA): A Retrospective Clinical Study.

Abstract: The aim of this retrospective clinical study was to compare the combinations of ketamine/diazepam (KD group) and tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ group) for the induction of general anaesthesia in horses undergoing elective surgery. The data from the clinical and the anaesthetic records of 138 horses from 2021 to 2023 were evaluated, and the horses were divided in two groups: KD ( = 60) and TZ ( = 72). The horses were premedicated with romifidine and methadone IV; anaesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam for the KD group and tiletamine/zolazepam for the TZ group and was maintained with isoflurane and a constant rate infusion of romifidine. The data encompassed sex and neuter status, age, breed, weight, American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status, type of surgical procedure performed under anaesthesia, induction time, induction score, surgery time, recovery time, and the recovery score using a descriptive scale. Baseline heart rate (HR), intraoperative HR, baseline respiratory rate (R), intraoperative R, mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation (SpO), and fraction of expired isoflurane (F'Iso) were also recorded. The induction time was significantly longer ( = 0.004) in the TZ group (60 (40-120)) as compared to the KD group (50 (30-120)). Recovery time was also significantly longer ( ≤ 0.001) in the TZ group (46.5 (15-125)) as compared to the KD group (30 (5-105)). These findings suggested that, in adult horses undergoing elective surgery, TZ could be considered a valid alternative to KD for the induction of general anaesthesia. Additional experimental studies comparing the two induction regimens and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics are needed.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-11-30 PubMed ID: 39728952PubMed Central: PMC11680423DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11120612Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article is about a study that compares the effectiveness of two different drug combinations, ketamine/diazepam (KD) and tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ), in inducing general anaesthesia in horses undergoing elective surgery. The study concluded that TZ could be as efficient as KD, although additional comparative studies on the drug’s characteristics are still required.

Research Objective and Design

  • The primary objective of this study was to compare how effective ketamine/diazepam (KD group) and tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ group) are in inducing general anaesthesia in horses that would be undergoing optional surgery.
  • This study used data from the clinical and anaesthetic records of 138 horses between 2021-2023 and practically separated them into two groups; 60 were part of the KD group while 72 belonged to the TZ group.
  • Prior to the induction of general anaesthesia, horses were premedicated with romifidine and methadone intravenously. KD was used for the KD group while TZ was used for the TZ group.
  • The maintenance of anaesthesia was done with isoflurane in conjunction with a constant rate infusion of romifidine.
  • Several data points were recorded such as sex and neuter status, age, breed, weight, type of surgical procedure performed under anaesthesia, the time it took for anaesthesia induction and recovery, as well as the scores for induction and recovery.

Research Findings

  • The study found that the time taken for induction of anaesthesia was significantly longer in the TZ group when compared to the KD group.
  • Similarly, the recovery time post-anaesthesia was significantly longer in the TZ group as compared to the KD group.
  • Despite these findings, the study suggests TZ as a valid alternative for KD in inducing general anaesthesia in adult horses going through elective surgery.

General Conclusion

  • This study demonstrates that while the TZ combination may take longer induction and recovery times, it could still be a valid alternative to the KD combination for inducing general anaesthesia in adult horses undergoing elective surgery.
  • However, the researchers emphasize the need for additional experimental studies that directly compare the two induction combinations as well as evaluate their individual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics.

Cite This Article

APA
Lambertini C, Boanini E, Casalini I, Spaccini F, Rinnovati R, Romagnoli N. (2024). Comparison of Ketamine/Diazepam and Tiletamine/Zolazepam Combinations for Anaesthesia Induction in Horses Undergoing Partial Intravenous Anaesthesia (PIVA): A Retrospective Clinical Study. Vet Sci, 11(12), 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120612

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 12
PII: 612

Researcher Affiliations

Lambertini, Carlotta
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Boanini, Elena
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Casalini, Isabelle
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Spaccini, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Rinnovati, Riccardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Romagnoli, Noemi
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 41 references
  1. Hubbell J.A.E., Muir W.W. 3rd, Gorenberg E., Hopster K.. A Review of Equine Anesthetic Induction: Are all equine anesthetic inductions “crash” inductions?. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2024;139:105130.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105130pubmed: 38879096google scholar: lookup
  2. Gozalo-Marcilla M., Bettschart-Wolfensberger R., Johnston M., Taylor P.M., Redondo J.I.. Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results. Animals 2021;11:2549.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11092549pmc: PMC8472153pubmed: 34573515google scholar: lookup
  3. Crisp T., Perrotti J.M., Smith D.L., Stafinsky J.L., Smith D.J.. The local monoaminergic dependency of spinal ketamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1991;194:167–172.
    doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90101-Upubmed: 1647967google scholar: lookup
  4. Durieux M.E.. Inhibition by ketamine of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function. Anesth. Analg. 1995;81:57–62.
    pubmed: 7598283
  5. Brockmeyer D.M., Kendig J.J.. Selective effects of ketamine on amino acid-mediated pathways in neonatal rat spinal cord. Br. J. Anaesth. 1995;74:79–84.
    doi: 10.1093/bja/74.1.79pubmed: 7880712google scholar: lookup
  6. Matthews N.S., Hartsfield S.M., Cornick J.L., Williams J.D., Beasley A.. A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses. Vet. Surg. 1991;20:268–273.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.1991.tb01262.xpubmed: 1949566google scholar: lookup
  7. Wan P.Y., Trim C.M., Mueller P.O.. Xylazine-ketamine and detomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses. Vet. Surg. 1992;21:312–318.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.1992.tb00072.xpubmed: 1455641google scholar: lookup
  8. Lin H.C., Branson K.R., Thurmon J.C., Benson G.J., Tranquilli W.J., Olson W.A., Vähä-Vahe A.T.. Ketamine, Telazol, xylazine and detomidine. A comparative anesthetic drug combinations study in ponies. Acta Vet. Scand. 1992;33:109–115.
    doi: 10.1186/BF03547317pmc: PMC8117853pubmed: 1502994google scholar: lookup
  9. Lin H.C., Thurmon J.C., Benson G.J., Tranquilli W.J.. Telazol—A review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 1993;16:383–418.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1993.tb00206.xpubmed: 8126757google scholar: lookup
  10. Romagnoli N., Rinnovati R., Lambertini C., Spadari A.. Short-term general anesthesia with tiletamine/zolazepam in horses sedated with medetomidine for castration under field conditions. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2018;67:50–54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.03.001google scholar: lookup
  11. Babbar N., Khandekar G.S., Tripathi S.D., Saini D., Gaikwad S.V., Chauhan S.A.. Clinical Evaluation of Xylazine-Zoletil Anesthesia in Equine under Field Conditions. Indian J. Vet. Sci. Biotechnol. 2023;19:77–81.
    doi: 10.48165/ijvsbt.19.1.17google scholar: lookup
  12. De la Peña J.B., Cheong J.H.. The abuse liability of the NMDA receptor antagonist-benzodiazepine (tiletamine-zolazepam) combination: Evidence from clinical case reports and preclinical studies. Drug Test. Anal. 2016;8:760–767.
    doi: 10.1002/dta.1987pubmed: 27341080google scholar: lookup
  13. Hubbell J.A.E., Bednarski R.M., Muir W.W.. Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1989;50:737–742.
    pubmed: 2729719
  14. Bouts T., Gasthuys F., Vlaminck L., Van Branteghem L.. Comparison of romifidine-ketamine-midazolam and romifidine-tiletamine-zolazepam total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) for clinical anaesthesia in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2002;29:92–93.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00705.xpubmed: 28404308google scholar: lookup
  15. Abrahamsen E.J., Hubbell J.A., Bednarski R.M., Muir W.W., Macioce B.A.. Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam for induction of anaesthesia maintained with halothane in 19 horses. Equine Vet. J. 1991;23:224–225.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02761.xpubmed: 1909235google scholar: lookup
  16. Willette C., Aarnes T.K., Lerche P., Ricco-Pereira C., Ballash G.A., Bednarski R.M.. Evaluation of intramuscular anesthetic protocols in healthy domestic horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2021;48:663–670.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.06.006pubmed: 34266761google scholar: lookup
  17. Klöppel H., Leece E.A.. Comparison of ketamine and alfaxalone for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing castration. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2011;38:37–43.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00584.xpubmed: 21214708google scholar: lookup
  18. Marntell S., Nyman G., Funkquist P.. Dissociative anaesthesia during field and hospital conditions for castration of colts. Acta Vet. Scand. 2006;47:1–11.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-47-1pmc: PMC1618963pubmed: 16722301google scholar: lookup
  19. Marntell S., Nyman G.. Effects of additional premedication on romifidine and ketamine anaesthesia in horses. Acta Vet. Scand. 1996;37:315–325.
    doi: 10.1186/BF03548097pmc: PMC8063991pubmed: 8996876google scholar: lookup
  20. Driessen B., Zarucco L., Kalir B., Bertolotti L.. Contemporary use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies: A retrospective study and opinion poll. Equine Vet. J. 2011;43:88–98.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00107.xpubmed: 21143639google scholar: lookup
  21. England G.C., Clarke K.W., Goossens L.. A comparison of the sedative effects of three alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 1992;15:194–201.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01007.xpubmed: 1359161google scholar: lookup
  22. Romagnoli N., Al-Qudah K.M., Armorini S., Lambertini C., Zaghini A., Spadari A., Roncada P.. Pharmacokinetic profile and partitioning in red blood cells of romifidine after single intravenous administration in the horse. Vet. Med. Sci. 2017;3:187–197.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70pmc: PMC5677780pubmed: 29152313google scholar: lookup
  23. Kerr C.L., McDonell W.N., Young S.S.. A comparison of romifidine and xylazine when used with diazepam/ketamine for short duration anesthesia in the horse. Can. Vet. J. 1996;37:601–609.
    pmc: PMC1576482pubmed: 8896874
  24. O’Donovan K.A., Aarnes T.K., Hubbell J.A., Parker E.M., Mollenkopf D., Lerche P., Pereira C.H.R., Bini G., Bednarski R.M.. Risk of anesthesia-related complications in draft horses: A retrospective, single-center analysis. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2023;50:157–162.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.12.002pubmed: 36577561google scholar: lookup
  25. Murrell J.C.. Adrenergic Agents. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 2015.
  26. Kieffer P.J., Williams J.M., Shepard M.K., Giguère S., Epstein K.L.. Effect of Hypotension and Dobutamine on Gastrointestinal Microcirculations of Healthy, Anesthetized Horses. Vet. Sci. 2024;11:95.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11020095pmc: PMC10891611pubmed: 38393113google scholar: lookup
  27. Auckburally A., Nyman G.. Review of hypoxaemia in anaesthetized horses: Predisposing factors, consequences and management. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2017;44:397–408.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.06.001pubmed: 28385614google scholar: lookup
  28. Taylor P.M., Bennett R.C., Brearley J.C., Luna S.P., Johnson C.B.. Comparison of detomidine and romifidine as premedicants before ketamine and halothane anesthesia in horses undergoing elective surgery. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2001;62:359–363.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.359pubmed: 11277200google scholar: lookup
  29. Khanna A.K., McDonell W.N., Dyson D.H., Taylor P.M.. Cardiopulmonary effects of hypercapnia during controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the horse. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1995;59:213–221.
    pmc: PMC1263768pubmed: 8521355
  30. Meier M., Kazmir-Lysak K., Kälin I., Torgerson P.R., Ringer S.K.. The influence of hypoxaemia, hypotension and hypercapnia (among other factors) on quality of recovery from general anaesthesia in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2024;51:135–143.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.10.032pubmed: 38331674google scholar: lookup
  31. Hopper K., Powell L.L.. Basics of mechanical ventilation for dogs and cats. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2013;43:955–969.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.03.009pubmed: 23747268google scholar: lookup
  32. Dugdale A.H., Taylor P.M.. Equine anaesthesia-associated mortality: Where are we now?. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2016;43:242–255.
    doi: 10.1111/vaa.12372pubmed: 26970940google scholar: lookup
  33. Kim J., Seo B.S.. How to calculate sample size and why. Clin. Orthop. Surg. 2013;5:235–242.
    doi: 10.4055/cios.2013.5.3.235pmc: PMC3758995pubmed: 24009911google scholar: lookup
  34. Bettschart-Wolfensberger R.. Horses. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 2015.
    doi: 10.1002/9781119421375.ch46google scholar: lookup
  35. Muir W.W., Gadawski J.E., Grosenbaugh D.A.. Cardiorespiratory effects of a tiletamine/zolazepam-ketamine-detomidine combination in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1999;60:770–774.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.06.770pubmed: 10376910google scholar: lookup
  36. Talari K., Goyal M.. Retrospective studies—Utility and caveats. J. R. Coll. Physicians Edinb. 2020;50:398–402.
    doi: 10.4997/jrcpe.2020.409pubmed: 33469615google scholar: lookup
  37. Hubbell J.A., Hinchcliff K.W., Schmall L.M., Muir W.W., Robertson J.T., Sams R.A.. Anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of four intravenous anesthetic regimens induced in horses immediately after maximal exercise. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000;61:1545–1552.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1545pubmed: 11131597google scholar: lookup
  38. Cuvelliez S., Rosseel G., Blais D., Salmon Y., Troncy E., Lariviere N.. L’anesthésie intraveineuse chez le cheval: Comparaison des combinaisons xylazine-kétamine et xylazine-tilétamine-zolazépam. Can. J. Vet. Res. 1995;36:613.
    pmc: PMC1687122pubmed: 8640633
  39. Wagner A.E.. Complications in equine anesthesia. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2008;24:735–752.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.10.002pubmed: 19203709google scholar: lookup
  40. Santos M., Fuente M., Garcia-Iturralde P., Herran R., Lopez-Sanroman J., Tendillo F.J.. Effects of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists during recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in horses. Equine Vet. J. 2003;35:170–175.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403776114117pubmed: 12638794google scholar: lookup
  41. Valverde A., Black B., Cribb N.C., Hathway A., Daw A.. Assessment of unassisted recovery from repeated general isoflurane anesthesia in horses following postanesthetic administration of xylazine or acepromazine or a combination of xylazine and ketamine. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2013;40:3–12.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00782.xpubmed: 23016627google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.