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Equine veterinary journal2014; 46(6); 669-673; doi: 10.1111/evj.12214

Comparison of primary vaccination regimes for equine influenza: working towards an evidence-based regime.

Abstract: Vaccination is crucial to the control of equine influenza (EI). The study was conducted in an effort to lay the groundwork for achieving international harmonisation of regulatory requirements based on scientific evidence of performance of different vaccination regimes. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of 3 different primary vaccination regimes: vaccination with the minimal intervals permitted by the racing authorities; vaccination in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and vaccination with the longest intervals permitted by the racing authorities. Methods: Randomised, prospective clinical trial. Methods: The 55 seronegative unvaccinated horses in this study were subdivided by age and randomly allocated one of the 3 vaccination regimes. All groups were sampled each time a group was vaccinated and 3-5 weeks post vaccination. Horses were vaccinated with a subunit immune stimulating complex-based vaccine (Equip FT). Antibodies against EI were measured by single radial haemolysis. Results: Lengthening the vaccination intervals increased the immunity gaps between first (V1) and second (V2) doses, and V2 and third dose (V3) but did not inhibit the response to V2 and V3. The response to V2 and V3 was similar irrespective of the regime. Poor responders to V1 were identified in all age groups included in this study but the greatest number of poor responders was among the yearlings. The 2- and 3-year-old horses responded better to vaccination than the weanlings or yearlings. Conclusions: Longer vaccination intervals permitted by racing authorities increase the periods of susceptibility to EI but they may facilitate strategic vaccination prior to times of increased risk of exposure to virus. The study provides the type of evidence-based data necessary to commence meaningful discussion of international harmonisation of EI vaccination requirements.
© 2013 EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2014-01-29 PubMed ID: 24237177DOI: 10.1111/evj.12214Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the effectiveness of three different primary vaccination regimes for equine influenza, aiming to provide evidence-based data that can be used for international harmonisation of regulatory requirements.

Objectives and Methods

The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three vaccination regimes:

  • Racing authorities’ minimal interval vaccination
  • Vaccination as guided by the manufacturer’s instructions
  • Racing authorities’ longest permitted interval vaccination

For their methodology, the researchers used a randomised, prospective clinical trial approach. They divided 55 seronegative unvaccinated horses into various groups based on their age and randomly assigned them one of the three vaccination regimes. Blood samples were taken each time a group was vaccinated and also 3-5 weeks after vaccination.

They used an immune stimulating complex-based vaccine known as Equip FT. The presence of antibodies against equine influenza was then measured through a single radial haemolysis process.

Results

The results showed that extending the vaccination intervals increased the susceptibility periods between the first (V1) and second (V2) doses, and between V2 and the third dose (V3), but it did not inhibit the horses’ response to V2 and V3. The reaction to V2 and V3 was similar across all regimes.

In every age group, there were horses that poorly responded to the first dose, but it was noted that the yearlings had the highest number of poor responders. Older horses, the 2 and 3 years old, responded better to the vaccinations than the weanlings and yearlings.

Conclusions

While longer vaccination intervals may increase susceptibility periods to equine influenza, they also facilitate strategic vaccination prior to periods of heightened exposure risk. The study holds valuable evidence-based data that can be critical in initiating meaningful discussions about equine influenza vaccination requirements at an international level. This research hopes to contribute towards achieving international harmonisation of regulatory requirements for equine influenza vaccinations.

Cite This Article

APA
Cullinane A, Gildea S, Weldon E. (2014). Comparison of primary vaccination regimes for equine influenza: working towards an evidence-based regime. Equine Vet J, 46(6), 669-673. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12214

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 46
Issue: 6
Pages: 669-673

Researcher Affiliations

Cullinane, A
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Ireland.
Gildea, S
    Weldon, E

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Antibodies, Viral / blood
      • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
      • Horses
      • Immunization Schedule
      • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
      • Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
      • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / blood
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control

      Citations

      This article has been cited 12 times.
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        doi: 10.3390/vaccines10060855pubmed: 35746463google scholar: lookup
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        doi: 10.3390/v13081657pubmed: 34452521google scholar: lookup
      3. Karam B, Wilson WD, Chambers TM, Reedy S, Pusterla N. Hemagglutinin inhibition antibody responses to commercial equine influenza vaccines in vaccinated horses. Can Vet J 2021 Mar;62(3):266-272.
        pubmed: 33692582
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        doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04846-6pubmed: 33410993google scholar: lookup
      5. Wilson A, Pinchbeck G, Dean R, McGowan C. Equine influenza vaccination in the UK: Current practices may leave horses with suboptimal immunity. Equine Vet J 2021 Sep;53(5):1004-1014.
        doi: 10.1111/evj.13377pubmed: 33124070google scholar: lookup
      6. Reemers S, Sonnemans D, Horspool L, van Bommel S, Cao Q, van de Zande S. Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy-The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 3;8(3).
        doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030501pubmed: 32899189google scholar: lookup
      7. Kinsley R, Pronost S, De Bock M, Temperton N, Daly JM, Paillot R, Scott S. Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Aug 21;8(3).
        doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030466pubmed: 32825702google scholar: lookup
      8. Paillot R, Garrett D, Lopez-Alvarez MR, Birand I, Montesso F, Horspool L. The Immunity Gap Challenge: Protection against a Recent Florida Clade 2 Equine Influenza Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2018 Jul 2;6(3).
        doi: 10.3390/vaccines6030038pubmed: 30004410google scholar: lookup
      9. Gildea S, Garvey M, Lyons P, Lyons R, Gahan J, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Multifocal Equine Influenza Outbreak with Vaccination Breakdown in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Pathogens 2018 Apr 17;7(2).
        doi: 10.3390/pathogens7020043pubmed: 29673169google scholar: lookup
      10. Paillot R, Marcillaud Pitel C, D'Ablon X, Pronost S. Equine Vaccines: How, When and Why? Report of the Vaccinology Session, French Equine Veterinarians Association, 2016, Reims. Vaccines (Basel) 2017 Dec 4;5(4).
        doi: 10.3390/vaccines5040046pubmed: 29207516google scholar: lookup
      11. Gahan J, Garvey M, Gildea S, Gür E, Kagankaya A, Cullinane A. Whole-genome sequencing and antigenic analysis of the first equine influenza virus identified in Turkey. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018 May;12(3):374-382.
        doi: 10.1111/irv.12485pubmed: 28940727google scholar: lookup
      12. Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
        doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797pubmed: 26344892google scholar: lookup
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