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Scientific reports2018; 8(1); 11357; doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29655-5

Composition, structure and tensile biomechanical properties of equine articular cartilage during growth and maturation.

Abstract: Articular cartilage undergoes structural and biochemical changes during maturation, but the knowledge on how these changes relate to articular cartilage function at different stages of maturation is lacking. Equine articular cartilage samples of four different maturation levels (newborn, 5-month-old, 11-month-old and adult) were collected (N = 25). Biomechanical tensile testing, Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-MS) and polarized light microscopy were used to study the tensile, biochemical and structural properties of articular cartilage, respectively. The tensile modulus was highest and the breaking energy lowest in the newborn group. The collagen and the proteoglycan contents increased with age. The collagen orientation developed with age into an arcade-like orientation. The collagen content, proteoglycan content, and collagen orientation were important predictors of the tensile modulus (p < 0.05 in multivariable regression) and correlated significantly also with the breaking energy (p < 0.05 in multivariable regression). Partial least squares regression analysis of FTIR-MS data provided accurate predictions for the tensile modulus (r = 0.79) and the breaking energy (r = 0.65). To conclude, the composition and structure of equine articular cartilage undergoes changes with depth that alter functional properties during maturation, with the typical properties of mature tissue reached at the age of 5-11 months.
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Publication Date: 2018-07-27 PubMed ID: 30054498PubMed Central: PMC6063957DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29655-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates how the composition and structure of equine (horse) articular cartilage changes as it matures. The research determined that as the cartilage ages, the contents of collagen and proteoglycans increase and the orientation of collagen develops into an arcade-like structure, all of which influence its functional properties.

Study Design and Methods

The study collected equine articular cartilage samples from four different developmental stages – newborn, 5-month-old, 11-month-old, and adult. They used various analysis methods to study different properties of the cartilage.

  • Biomechanical tensile testing: This measures the tensile strength or resistance to breaking under tension of the articular cartilage.
  • Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-MS): This technique identifies and quantifies the biochemical components of the cartilage, specifically the collagen and proteoglycan content.
  • Polarized light microscopy: Used to examine the structure of the cartilage, particularly the orientation of the collagen fibres.

Findings

The results showed changes in the tensile modulus – the resistance to elasticity, the collagen and proteoglycan contents, and the collagen orientation as cartilage matured.

  • The tensile modulus was found to be highest, and the breaking energy lowest, in the newborn group. This indicates that the cartilage is most resistant to stretching but least resistant to breakage at this stage.
  • As the cartilage aged, the collagen and proteoglycan contents increased. Both are essential components of cartilage that contribute to its strength and resilience.
  • The orientation of collagen fibres developed into an arcade-like arrangement with age. Collagen provides tensile strength to the cartilage, and its orientation can affect how force is distributed through the tissue.

Conclusions

The research concluded that the key functional properties of mature equine articular cartilage are reached by the age of 5-11 months. The collagen content, proteoglycan content, and collagen orientation were significant determinants of the tensile modulus and correlated with the breaking energy. Understanding these changes will likely provide insights towards the growth and maturation of the equine joint, and could potentially be indicative of similar processes in other mammals, including humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Oinas J, Ronkainen AP, Rieppo L, Finnilä MAJ, Iivarinen JT, van Weeren PR, Helminen HJ, Brama PAJ, Korhonen RK, Saarakkala S. (2018). Composition, structure and tensile biomechanical properties of equine articular cartilage during growth and maturation. Sci Rep, 8(1), 11357. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29655-5

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 11357

Researcher Affiliations

Oinas, J
  • Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  • Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Ronkainen, A P
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. ari.p.ronkainen@uef.fi.
Rieppo, L
  • Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  • Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Finnilä, M A J
  • Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  • Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Iivarinen, J T
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
  • Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
van Weeren, P R
  • Department of Equine Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Helminen, H J
  • Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Brama, P A J
  • Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Korhonen, R K
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Saarakkala, S
  • Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  • Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
  • Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Cartilage, Articular / anatomy & histology
  • Cartilage, Articular / growth & development
  • Collagen / metabolism
  • Horses / physiology
  • Least-Squares Analysis
  • Multivariate Analysis
  • Proteoglycans / metabolism
  • Regression Analysis
  • Tensile Strength / physiology

Grant Funding

  • 336267 / European Research Council

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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