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Frontiers in veterinary science2025; 12; 1609955; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1609955

Controlling drug-resistant bacteria in Arabian horses: bacteriophage cocktails for treating wound infections.

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health issue requiring a coordinated response. This study investigated for the first time the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of bacteria causing infections in Arabian horses, and the potential of bacteriophage therapy for wound treatment. One hundred clinical samples from infected Arabian horses, presenting respiratory disorders, diarrhea, abortion, wound, and ocular infection, were examined using direct sample multiplex PCR and phenotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered isolates was performed using panels of 37 antibiotics and broth microdilution method. Bacteriophages were isolated from horse manure. A bacteriophage cocktail was used for treating infected wounds in Arabian horses. was the most predominant pathogen isolated from respiratory infections (17/29, 58.6%), followed by and (9/29, 31.03%, each), and (7/29, 24.13%). and biovar were the most frequently isolated bacteria from pyogenic infections. All isolated bacteria showed resistance to multiple antibiotics. spp. exhibited extensive drug resistance (XDR) with complete resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and cefotaxime. All spp. displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. isolates were highly resistant to fusidic acid, -lactams, and tetracyclines. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, fosfomycin, and cephalosporines were ineffective against isolates. Ticarcillin, clavulanic acid, and colistin were ineffective against and . Pan-drug-resistant (PDR) isolate was detected in the infected wound. Two lytic bacteriophages (vB_Pae_LP125 and vB_Pae_LS225) from the and families were isolated from the horse manure. Both phages were stable across various temperatures and pH levels. tests showed significant lytic activity against a wide range of bacterial strains. The DNA genomes of all phages displayed distinctive restriction fragment length polymorphism. A bacteriophage cocktail (vB_Pae_LP125 and vB_Pae_LS225), when combined with gentamicin, improved wound healing in infected horses. There were significant differences ( < 0.05) in the wound closure % among the gentamicin group and phage cocktaoil+gentamicin groups on days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14. This study highlights the widespread antibiotic resistance in bacteria infecting Arabian horses and posing significant challenges to equine infection management. Bacteriophage therapy shows promise as a potential treatment for wound infections.
Copyright © 2025 Khalid, Tartor, Ammar, Abdelaziz, Mahmmod and Abdelkhalek.
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Publication Date: 2025-10-15 PubMed ID: 41169678PubMed Central: PMC12568036DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1609955Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study examined antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing infections in Arabian horses for the first time and explored the effectiveness of using bacteriophage cocktails to treat infected wounds.
  • Researchers investigated bacterial prevalence, antibiotic resistance profiles, and tested newly isolated bacteriophages from horse manure as a therapeutic option.

Background and Objectives

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis, impacting not only human medicine but also veterinary care, including equine infections.
  • Arabian horses, valuable and culturally significant, suffer from various infections, but data on bacterial causes and resistance phenotypes have been lacking.
  • The study aimed to:
    • Identify bacterial pathogens in clinical infections (respiratory, diarrhea, abortion, wounds, ocular) of Arabian horses.
    • Determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles using broad antibiotic panels.
    • Isolate bacteriophages from horse manure targeting these pathogens.
    • Evaluate the efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail combined with an antibiotic (gentamicin) to treat wound infections.

Methods

  • Collected 100 clinical samples from Arabian horses with various infections.
  • Used PCR and phenotypic bacterial identification to detect pathogens.
  • Tested bacterial isolates against 37 antibiotics using broth microdilution to assess susceptibility.
  • Isolated bacteriophages from horse manure specifically targeting problematic bacterial species.
  • Created a bacteriophage cocktail consisting of two lytic phages: vB_Pae_LP125 and vB_Pae_LS225.
  • Applied the bacteriophage cocktail alone and combined with gentamicin to horses with infected wounds and monitored wound healing progress.

Key Findings: Bacterial Pathogens and Resistance

  • Most common bacteria isolated from respiratory infections:
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17/29 samples, 58.6%)
    • Other species like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli detected but less frequent (9/29 each)
  • Pyogenic infection pathogens mainly included Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus biovar species.
  • Antibiotic resistance characteristics:
    • All bacterial isolates showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) or extensive drug resistance (XDR).
    • Pseudomonas spp. showed XDR, resistant to key antibiotics including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and cefotaxime.
    • Staphylococcus spp. were broadly MDR, highly resistant to fusidic acid, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines.
    • Other isolates resisted commonly used antibiotics like fosfomycin, cephalosporins, ticarcillin, clavulanic acid, and colistin.
    • A pan-drug-resistant (PDR) isolate was found in one infected wound, indicating resistance to all tested antibiotics.

Bacteriophage Isolation and Characterization

  • Two lytic bacteriophages were isolated from horse manure targeting Pseudomonas and other bacteria.
  • Phages belonged to different families, named vB_Pae_LP125 and vB_Pae_LS225.
  • Characterization included:
    • Testing stability across a range of temperatures and pH, showing resilience suitable for therapeutic use.
    • Demonstrating broad lytic activity against multiple bacterial strains responsible for infections.
    • Genome analysis via restriction fragment length polymorphism showed distinct phage DNA profiles confirming species diversity.

Therapeutic Application and Outcomes

  • The bacteriophage cocktail was combined with gentamicin for treatment of wound infections in Arabian horses.
  • Wound healing was significantly improved in horses receiving the phage cocktail plus gentamicin compared to gentamicin alone.
  • Wound closure percentages on days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the combination therapy group.
  • The results indicate synergistic effects of phage therapy with antibiotics, potentially overcoming drug-resistant infections.

Significance and Implications

  • This study is the first to document the widespread presence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in Arabian horse infections.
  • The findings highlight an urgent veterinary health challenge due to rising antimicrobial resistance in equine pathogens.
  • Bacteriophage therapy emerged as a promising alternative or adjunct to antibiotics, particularly for treating resistant wound infections.
  • Using phage cocktails tailored to equine pathogens could reduce reliance on antibiotics and improve clinical outcomes.
  • Future research should optimize phage preparations and assess long-term safety and efficacy in larger equine populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Khalid E, Tartor YH, Ammar AM, Abdelaziz R, Mahmmod Y, Abdelkhalek A. (2025). Controlling drug-resistant bacteria in Arabian horses: bacteriophage cocktails for treating wound infections. Front Vet Sci, 12, 1609955. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1609955

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 1609955
PII: 1609955

Researcher Affiliations

Khalid, Esraa
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Tartor, Yasmine H
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Ammar, Ahmed M
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Abdelaziz, Rewan
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Mahmmod, Yasser
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, United States.
Abdelkhalek, Adel
  • Department of Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Egypt.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

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