Descriptive epidemiology of equine influenza in India (2008-2009): temporal and spatial trends.
Abstract: Equine influenza is a contagious viral disease that affects all members of the family Equidae, i.e., horses, donkeys and mules. The authors describe the pattern of equine influenza outbreaks in a number of states of India from July 2008 to June 2009. The disease was first reported in June 2008 in Katra (Jammu and Kashmir) and spread to ten other states within a year. All outbreaks of equine influenza in the various states were confirmed by laboratory investigations (virus isolation and/or serological confirmation based on haemagglutination inhibition [HI] assays of paired samples) before declaring them as equine influenza virus-affected state(s). The virus (H3N8) was reported from various locations in the country including Katra, Mysore (Karnataka), Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Gopeshwar and Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand) and was isolated in 9- to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. The virus was confirmed as H3N8 by HI assays with standard serum and amplification of full-length haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Serum samples (n = 4 740) of equines from 13 states in India screened by HI revealed 1074 (22.65%) samples as being positive for antibodies to equine influenza virus (H3N8).
Publication Date: 2010-12-02 PubMed ID: 21120800
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research article observes and reports the patterns of horse flu outbreaks in various regions of India from July 2008 to June 2009. Affected regions’ outbreaks were confirmed through laboratory tests, and virus isolations from various locations confirmed the type as H3N8.
Research Context
- The study is focused on understanding the epidemiology of equine influenza in India during the period of July 2008 to June 2009.
- Equine influenza, a viral disease that affects horses, donkeys, and mules, was observed and recorded in various states of India.
Research Approach
- Confirmation of the equine influenza outbreak in interest regions was done through laboratory investigations.
- The laboratory investigations included virus isolation and serological confirmations.
- The serological confirmations were based on the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays of paired samples.
Results and Findings
- The H3N8 strain of the virus was identified and confirmed via HI assays and PCR.
- The virus was first reported in Katra of Jammu and Kashmir in June 2008 and over a year managed to spread to ten other states.
- Various locations including Katra, Mysore (Karnataka), Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Gopeshwar and Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand) reported finding this virus and was isolated in 9- to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs.
- From the 4,740 serum samples of equines from 13 states in India that were screened by HI, 1,074 samples (22.65%) were positive for antibodies to the equine influenza virus (H3N8).
Implications
- The findings of this study provide valuable insights about the spread and occurrence of equine influenza in India.
- The report can aid in formulating preventive measures and policies to take action during future equine influenza outbreaks.
Cite This Article
APA
Virmani N, Bera BC, Gulati BR, Karuppusamy S, Singh BK, Kumar Vaid R, Kumar S, Kumar R, Malik P, Khurana SK, Singh J, Manuja A, Dedar R, Gupta AK, Yadav SC, Chugh PK, Narwal PS, Thankur VL, Kaul R, Kanani A, Rautmare SS, Singh RK.
(2010).
Descriptive epidemiology of equine influenza in India (2008-2009): temporal and spatial trends.
Vet Ital, 46(4), 449-458.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Disease Outbreaks
- India / epidemiology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Space-Time Clustering
Citations
This article has been cited 8 times.- Pellegrini F, Buonavoglia A, Omar AH, Diakoudi G, Lucente MS, Odigie AE, Sposato A, Augelli R, Camero M, Decaro N, Elia G, Bányai K, Martella V, Lanave G. A Cold Case of Equine Influenza Disentangled with Nanopore Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 24;13(7).
- Ahearne MM, Pentzke-Lemus LL, Romano AM, Larsen ED, Watson AM, O'Fallon EA, Landolt GA. Disease progression, pathologic, and virologic findings of an equine influenza outbreak in rescue donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):2230-2237.
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Bera BC, Virmani N, Shanmugasundaram K, Vaid RK, Singh BK, Gulati BR, Anand T, Barua S, Malik P, Singh RK. Genetic Analysis of the Neuraminidase (NA) Gene of Equine Influenza Virus (H3N8) from Epizootic of 2008-2009 in India. Indian J Virol 2013 Sep;24(2):256-64.
- Branda F, Yon DK, Albanese M, Binetti E, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi A, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F, Ceccarelli G. Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control. Viruses 2025 Feb 21;17(3).
- VanderGiessen M, de Jager C, Leighton J, Xie H, Theus M, Johnson E, Kehn-Hall K. Neurological manifestations of encephalitic alphaviruses, traumatic brain injuries, and organophosphorus nerve agent exposure. Front Neurosci 2024;18:1514940.
- Chambers TM. Equine Influenza. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022 Jan 4;12(1).
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