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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(8); 2303; doi: 10.3390/ani11082303

Development and Validation of a Test for the Classification of Horses as Broken or Unbroken.

Abstract: Regulation EC 1/2005 has stricter rules for transportation of unbroken (untamed) vs. broken (tamed) horses, but does not provide adequate tools for their identification. This study aimed to develop and validate such a tool. A behavioural test (Broken/Unbroken Test (BUT)) based on approaching, haltering, and leading was applied to 100 horses. Physiological and additional behavioural data were also collected, and the horses' status (broken/unbroken) was assessed by the expert who administered the BUT. Each horse's behaviour during the BUT was scored by four trained observers blinded to the horse's history. The BUT score showed excellent inter-observer, intra-observer, and test-retest reliability (all intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) > 0.75). It was also negatively associated with respiratory rate, avoidance distance, and time needed to approach, halter, and lead the horse ( < 0.05 for all). The optimal BUT score cut-off for discrimination between broken and unbroken horses (gold standard: expert judgment) showed 97.8% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity. There was almost perfect agreement between BUT-based and expert classification of horses (ICC = 0.940). These findings confirm the BUT's construct and criterion validity. The BUT could provide officials with a feasible, reliable, and valid tool to identify a horse's broken/unbroken status and, consequently, direct stakeholders towards correct transport procedures.
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Publication Date: 2021-08-04 PubMed ID: 34438758PubMed Central: PMC8388372DOI: 10.3390/ani11082303Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research aimed to develop and validate a reliable tool for differentiating between tamed (broken) and untamed (unbroken) horses, adhering to the specific transportation regulations for each.

Study Design and Methodology

  • The researchers designed a behavioral test known as the Broken/Unbroken Test (BUT) that involved approaching, haltering, and leading a horse.
  • The BUT was performed on 100 horses, and additional physiological and behavioral data were collected.
  • The horses’ status, broken or unbroken, was evaluated by an expert who administered the BUT.
  • The behavior of every horse during the BUT was then scored by four trained observers who were unaware of the horse’s individual history.

Validity and Reliability of the BUT

  • The scores granted during the BUT demonstrated excellent inter-observer, intra-observer, and test-retest reliability, with all intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) exceeding 0.75.
  • There was a negative correlation found between the BUT score and a horse’s respiratory rate, avoidance distance, and the time it took to approach, halter, and lead the horse.
  • The optimal CUT score cutoff proved efficient in distinguishing between broken and unbroken horses, demonstrating a 97.8% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity in the gold standard: expert judgment.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The results displayed almost perfect concurrence between the BUT-based classification of horses and expert classification, supporting the BUT’s construct and criterion validity.
  • The BUT could potentially serve as a reliable and valid tool for officials to determine a horse’s status —broken or unbroken.
  • This could guide stakeholders towards the correct transport procedures, in line with Regulation EC 1/2005, which calls for stricter rules when transporting unbroken horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Menchetti L, Dalla Costa E, Minero M, Padalino B. (2021). Development and Validation of a Test for the Classification of Horses as Broken or Unbroken. Animals (Basel), 11(8), 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082303

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 8
PII: 2303

Researcher Affiliations

Menchetti, Laura
  • Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
Dalla Costa, Emanuela
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
Minero, Michela
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
Padalino, Barbara
  • Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.

Grant Funding

  • d21eq-522 / ANIMALS' ANGELS, WORLD HORSE WELFARE, ANIMAL MORRIS FOUNDATION

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
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