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Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Development and validation of the facial scale (FaceSed) to ...
PloS one2021; 16(6); e0251909; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251909

Development and validation of the facial scale (FaceSed) to evaluate sedation in horses.

Abstract: Although facial characteristics are used to estimate horse sedation, there are no studies measuring their reliability and validity. This randomised controlled, prospective, horizontal study aimed to validate a facial sedation scale for horses (FaceSed). Seven horses received detomidine infusion i.v. in low or high doses/rates alone (DL 2.5 μg/kg+6.25 μg/kg/h; DH 5 μg/kg+12.5 μg/kg/h) or combined with methadone (DLM and DHM, 0.2 mg/kg+0.05 mg/kg/h) for 120 min, or acepromazine boli i.v. in low (ACPL 0.02 mg/kg) or high doses (ACPH 0.09 mg/kg). Horses' faces were photographed at i) baseline, ii) peak, iii) intermediate, and iv) end of sedation. After randomisation of moments and treatments, photos were sent to four evaluators to assess the FaceSed items (ear position, orbital opening, relaxation of the lower and upper lip) twice, within a one-month interval. The intraclass correlation coefficient of intra- and interobserver reliability of FaceSed scores were good to very good (0.74-0.94) and moderate to very good (0.57-0.87), respectively. Criterion validity based on Spearman correlation between the FaceSed versus the numerical rating scale and head height above the ground were 0.92 and -0.75, respectively. All items and the FaceSed total score showed responsiveness (construct validity). According to the principal component analysis all FaceSed items had load factors >0.50 at the first dimension. The high internal consistency (Cronbach´s α = 0.83) indicated good intercorrelation among items. Item-total Spearman correlation was adequate (rho 0.3-0.73), indicating homogeneity of the scale. All items showed sensitivity (0.82-0.97) to detect sedation, however only orbital opening (0.79) and upper lip relaxation (0.82) were specific to detect absence of sedation. The limitations were that the facial expression was performed using photos, which do not represent the facial movement and the horses were docile, which may have reduced specificity. The FaceSed is a valid and reliable tool to assess tranquilisation and sedation in horses.
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Publication Date: 2021-06-01 PubMed ID: 34061878PubMed Central: PMC8168851DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251909Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Validation Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents a study aimed at developing and validating a facial scale called FaceSed for evaluating sedation levels in horses.

Research Objective and Methodology

  • The aim of the study was to prove the reliability and validity of the FaceSed scale as an evaluation tool for horse sedation.
  • The research was a randomised controlled, prospective, horizontal study conducted on seven horses.
  • Each horse received either a low or high dosage of detomidine infusion intravenously, either alone or combined with methadone, or acepromazine, for 120 minutes.
  • Faces of horses were photographed at different stages of sedation: baseline, peak, intermediate, and end.
  • These photos, after being randomised, were assessed by four evaluators based on the FaceSed items: ear position, orbital opening, and relaxation of the upper and lower lip.

Observations and Findings

  • The study found that the FaceSed scale’s intra-observer and interobserver reliability scores were good (0.74-0.94) and moderate to very good (0.57-0.87), respectively.
  • The criterion validity, evidenced by the Spearman correlation between the FaceSed versus the numerical rating scale and the head height above the ground, were found to be 0.92 and -0.75, respectively.
  • All elements of the FaceSed total score showed construct validity, indicating its responsiveness.
  • The principal component analysis revealed that all FaceSed items had load factors >0.50 at the first dimension, implying good intercorrelation among items.
  • The FaceSed scale had a high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83, which points to good interrelation among items.
  • All items exhibited sensitivity (0.82-0.97) in detecting sedation, although only orbital opening (0.79) and upper lip relaxation (0.82) were specific to detect absence of sedation.

Limitations and Conclusions

  • Some identified limitations of the study include the use of photographs for assessing facial expressions, which may not accurately represent facial movement, and the docile nature of the horses that might have reduced the scale’s specificity.
  • Despite these limitations, this study concludes that FaceSed is a valid and reliable tool for assessing tranquilisation and sedation levels in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
de Oliveira AR, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK, Schauvliege S, Fonseca MW, Esteves Trindade PH, Prospero Puoli Filho JN, Luna SPL. (2021). Development and validation of the facial scale (FaceSed) to evaluate sedation in horses. PLoS One, 16(6), e0251909. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251909

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 6
Pages: e0251909
PII: e0251909

Researcher Affiliations

de Oliveira, Alice Rodrigues
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
Gozalo-Marcilla, Miguel
  • The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
Ringer, Simone Katja
  • Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Section Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Schauvliege, Stijn
  • Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Fonseca, Mariana Werneck
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
Esteves Trindade, Pedro Henrique
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
Prospero Puoli Filho, José Nicolau
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

MeSH Terms

  • Anesthesia
  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Male

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Pinho RH, Justo AA, Cima DS, Fonseca MW, Minto BW, Rocha FDL, Leach MC, Luna SPL. Effects of Human Observer Presence on Pain Assessment Using Facial Expressions in Rabbits.. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2023 Jan 1;62(1):81-86.
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  2. Carvalho JRG, Trindade PHE, Conde G, Antonioli ML, Funnicelli MIG, Dias PP, Canola PA, Chinelatto MA, Ferraz GC. Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 13;12(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12182400pubmed: 36139260google scholar: lookup
  3. Cock G, Blakeney Z, Hernandez JA, DeNotta S. Opioid-free sedation for atlantoaxial cerebrospinal fluid collection in adult horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Sep;36(5):1812-1819.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16450pubmed: 35639966google scholar: lookup
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