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Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Vet Sci / Development, Validation, and Reliability of a Sedation Scale...
Frontiers in veterinary science2021; 8; 611729; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611729

Development, Validation, and Reliability of a Sedation Scale in Horses (EquiSed).

Abstract: The lack of standardization of sedation scales in horses limits the reproducibility between different studies. This prospective, randomized, blinded, horizontal and controlled trial aimed to validate a scale for sedation in horses (EquiSed). Seven horses were treated with intravenous detomidine in low/high doses alone (DL 2.5 μg/kg + 6.25 μg/kg/h; DH 5 μg/kg +12.5 μg/kg/h) or associated with methadone (DLM and DHM, 0.2 mg/kg + 0.05 mg/kg/h) and with low (ACPL 0.02 mg/kg) or high (ACPH 0.09 mg/kg) doses of acepromazine alone. Horses were filmed at (i) baseline (ii) peak, (iii) intermediate, and (iv) end of sedation immediately before auditory, visual and pressure stimuli were applied and postural instability evaluated for another study. Videos were randomized and blindly evaluated by four evaluators in two phases with 1-month interval. Intra- and interobserver reliability of the sum of EquiSed (Intraclass correlation coefficient) ranged between 0.84-0.94 and 0.45-0.88, respectively. The criterion validity was endorsed by the high Spearman correlation between the EquiSed and visual analog (0.77), numerical rating (0.76), and simple descriptive scales (0.70), and average correlation with head height above the ground (HHAG) (-0.52). The Friedman test confirmed the EquiSed responsiveness over time. The principal component analysis showed that all items of the scale had a load factor ≥ 0.50. The item-total Spearman correlation for all items ranged from 0.3 to 0.5, and the internal consistency was good (Cronbach's α = 0.73). The area under the curve of EquiSed HHAG as a predictive diagnostic measure was 0.88. The sensitivity of the EquiSed calculated according to the cut-off point (score 7 of the sum of the EquiSed) determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve, was 96% and specificity was 83%. EquiSed has good intra- and interobserver reliabilities and is valid to evaluate tranquilization and sedation in horses.
Copyright © 2021 Oliveira, Gozalo-Marcilla, Ringer, Schauvliege, Fonseca, Trindade, Puoli Filho and Luna.
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Publication Date: 2021-02-16 PubMed ID: 33665216PubMed Central: PMC7921322DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611729Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study developed and validated a standard sedation scale called the EquiSed for horses. The study demonstrated that EquiSed is reliable and valid for evaluating the tranquilization and sedation in horses based on different treatments and over varying scales.

Understanding the Objective and Process of the Study

  • The researchers identified that there was a lack of standardization in sedation scales used in horses, which led to inconsistencies and limitations in different studies.
  • To address this, they developed and conducted a controlled trial on a specifically designed sedation scale for horses known as EquiSed.
  • The study used seven horses who were treated with various dosages of detomidine, methadone, and acepromazine to observe and measure sedation. The horses were filmed through various stages of sedation: baseline, peak, intermediate, and end; and during auditory, visual, and pressure stimuli.

Methodologies Used and Results

  • The videos were evaluated by four reviewers on two occasions, with a month interval. This review was to determine the intra- and interobserver reliability of EquiSed, done using the Intraclass correlation coefficient method.
  • These evaluations revealed that there was high agreement (correlation between 0.84 and 0.94 for intraobserver and 0.45 and 0.88 for interobserver) which is indicative of good reliability in the EquiSed scale.
  • The ability of the EquiSed scale to measure what it is supposed to measure (validity) was established through a high correlation with other recognized scales such as the visual analog and numerical rating scales. The scale also showed good correlation with head height above the ground (HHAG) as a physical marker of sedation.
  • The EquiSed scale’s responsiveness over time was confirmed using the Friedman test.
  • All items of the EquiSed scale had an important contribution in the principal component analysis.
  • The internal consistency of the scale was good, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.73, suggesting that all items of the scale measure the same concept.
  • The cut-off point score of seven in the EquiSed scale proved to be effective in predicting sedation level, with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 83% respectively.

Conclusion and Implications of the Study

  • Based on the results, the study concluded that EquiSed has good intra- and interobserver reliabilities, and it is a valid measure to evaluate tranquilization and sedation in horses.
  • The development and validation of this scale could improve the quality of future studies in equine sedation. It offers a reliable and valid tool for veterinary professionals to objectively evaluate and monitor tranquilization and sedation in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
de Oliveira AR, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK, Schauvliege S, Fonseca MW, Trindade PHE, Puoli Filho JNP, Luna SPL. (2021). Development, Validation, and Reliability of a Sedation Scale in Horses (EquiSed). Front Vet Sci, 8, 611729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.611729

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: 611729

Researcher Affiliations

de Oliveira, Alice Rodrigues
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
Gozalo-Marcilla, Miguel
  • The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Ringer, Simone Katja
  • Section Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Schauvliege, Stijn
  • Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Fonseca, Mariana Werneck
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
Puoli Filho, José Nicolau Prospero
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
Luna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 10 times.
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