FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Diabetes Sci Technol / Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in hors...
Journal of diabetes science and technology2012; 6(3); 534-540; doi: 10.1177/193229681200600307

Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in horses.

Abstract: Analogous to the situation in human medicine, contemporary practices in horse management, which incorporate lengthy periods of physical inactivity coupled with provision of nutritional rations characterized by inappropriately high sugar and starch, have led to obesity being more commonly recognized by practitioners of equine veterinary practice. In many of these cases, obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and glucose intolerance. An equine metabolic syndrome (MS) has been described that is similar to the human MS in that both IR and aspects of obesity represent cornerstones of its definition. Unlike its human counterpart, identification of the equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) portends greater risk for development of laminitis, a chronic, crippling affliction of the equine hoof. When severe, laminitis sometimes necessitates euthanasia. Unlike the human condition, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and many other chronic conditions, for which the risk is recognized as increased in the face of MS, is less likely in horses. The equine veterinary literature has been replete with reports of scientific investigations regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of EMS.
© 2012 Diabetes Technology Society.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2012-05-01 PubMed ID: 22768883PubMed Central: PMC3440056DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600307Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article reviews the correlation of prolonged physical inactivity with unhealthy dietary practices, resulting in obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and metabolic syndrome in horses. Moreover, it also discusses an increased risk of laminitis, equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), and its impact and practices regarding the diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment exhibited in equine veterinary literature.

Overview of the issue

  • The article focuses on the rising issue of obesity and its associated complications, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, in horses due to contemporary management practices in horse-rearing.
  • These practices involve extended periods of physical inactivity combined with feeding nutritional rations that contain disproportionately high amounts of sugar and starch.
  • The paper elaborates on how these conditions have led veterinary practitioners to more frequently identify equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).

Comparison of equine and human metabolic syndrome

  • The research compares the EMS with the human metabolic syndrome (MS) and explains that both share common fundamental factors: insulin resistance and certain aspects of obesity.
  • However, unlike in humans, the recognition of EMS in horses indicates a higher risk for the development of laminitis – a severe and often crippling condition of the horse’s hoof, which in severe cases may compel euthanasia.
  • Even though metabolic syndrome increases the risk of chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans, horses are less likely to face this risk.

Literature on equine metabolic syndrome

  • The final part of the abstract acknowledges the wealth of research and scientific investigation reports on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of EMS in equine veterinary literature.
  • This signifies continued efforts within the veterinary science community to understand and address the complexity of EMS and its impact on the health and life quality of horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, LaCarrubba A, Ganjam VK, Messer NT. (2012). Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in horses. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 6(3), 534-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229681200600307

Publication

Journal of diabetes science and technology
ISSN: 1932-2968
NlmUniqueID: 101306166
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 534-540

Researcher Affiliations

Johnson, Philip J
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA. JohnsonPJ@missouri.edu
Wiedmeyer, Charles E
    LaCarrubba, Alison
      Ganjam, V K
        Messer, Nat T

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / blood
          • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / physiopathology
          • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / therapy
          • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / veterinary
          • Disease Progression
          • Horse Diseases / blood
          • Horse Diseases / physiopathology
          • Horse Diseases / therapy
          • Horses
          • Insulin Resistance
          • Metabolic Syndrome / blood
          • Metabolic Syndrome / physiopathology
          • Metabolic Syndrome / therapy
          • Metabolic Syndrome / veterinary
          • Obesity / blood
          • Obesity / physiopathology
          • Obesity / therapy
          • Obesity / veterinary
          • Prognosis
          • Risk Factors

          References

          This article includes 71 references
          1. Johnson PJ. The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Aug;18(2):271-93.
            pubmed: 15635908doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00006-8google scholar: lookup
          2. Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 May-Jun;24(3):467-75.
            pubmed: 20384947doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          3. Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011 Apr;27(1):73-92.
            pubmed: 21392655doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.004google scholar: lookup
          4. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome--a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation.. Diabet Med 2006 May;23(5):469-80.
            pubmed: 16681555doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          5. Day C. Metabolic syndrome, or What you will: definitions and epidemiology.. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007 Mar;4(1):32-8.
            pubmed: 17469041doi: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.003google scholar: lookup
          6. Meigs JB, Rutter MK, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW. Impact of insulin resistance on risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in people with metabolic syndrome.. Diabetes Care 2007 May;30(5):1219-25.
            pubmed: 17259468doi: 10.2337/dc06-2484google scholar: lookup
          7. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 Sep 28;56(14):1113-32.
            pubmed: 20863953doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034google scholar: lookup
          8. De Nunzio C, Aronson W, Freedland SJ, Giovannucci E, Parsons JK. The correlation between metabolic syndrome and prostatic diseases.. Eur Urol 2012 Mar;61(3):560-70.
            pubmed: 22119157doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.013google scholar: lookup
          9. Hammarsten J, Peeker R. Urological aspects of the metabolic syndrome.. Nat Rev Urol 2011 Aug 2;8(9):483-94.
            pubmed: 21811224doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2011.112google scholar: lookup
          10. Fraile JM, Puig JG, Torres RJ, de Miguel E, Martínez P, Vázquez JJ. Uric acid metabolism in patients with primary gout and the metabolic syndrome.. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2010 Jun;29(4-6):330-4.
            pubmed: 20544516doi: 10.1080/15257771003741273google scholar: lookup
          11. Baranova A, Tran TP, Birerdinc A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: association of polycystic ovary syndrome with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011 Apr;33(7):801-14.
            pubmed: 21251033doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04579.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          12. . Metabolic disorders associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults.. Adv Cardiol 2011;46:67-138.
            pubmed: 22005190doi: 10.1159/000325106google scholar: lookup
          13. Gallagher EJ, Leroith D, Karnieli E. The metabolic syndrome--from insulin resistance to obesity and diabetes.. Med Clin North Am 2011 Sep;95(5):855-73.
            pubmed: 21855696doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.001google scholar: lookup
          14. García-Lara JM, Aguilar-Navarro S, Gutiérrez-Robledo LM, Avila-Funes JA. The metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.. Rev Invest Clin 2010 Jul-Aug;62(4):343-9.
            pubmed: 21218671
          15. McGinley B, Punjabi NM. Obesity, metabolic abnormalities, and asthma: establishing causal links.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011 Feb 15;183(4):424-5.
            pubmed: 21325079doi: 10.1164/rccm.201009-1525edgoogle scholar: lookup
          16. Chang Y, Sung E, Ryu S, Park YW, Jang YM, Park M. Insulin resistance is associated with gallstones even in non-obese, non-diabetic Korean men.. J Korean Med Sci 2008 Aug;23(4):644-50.
            pmc: PMC2526403pubmed: 18756051doi: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.4.644google scholar: lookup
          17. Scorletti E, Calder PC, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: metabolic aspects and novel treatments.. Endocrine 2011 Dec;40(3):332-43.
            pubmed: 21894514doi: 10.1007/s12020-011-9530-xgoogle scholar: lookup
          18. Gottlieb AB, Dann F. Comorbidities in patients with psoriasis.. Am J Med 2009 Dec;122(12):1150.e1-9.
            pubmed: 19958894doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.021google scholar: lookup
          19. Vick MM, Adams AA, Murphy BA, Sessions DR, Horohov DW, Cook RF, Shelton BJ, Fitzgerald BP. Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse.. J Anim Sci 2007 May;85(5):1144-55.
            pubmed: 17264235doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-673google scholar: lookup
          20. Vick MM, Murphy BA, Sessions DR, Reedy SE, Kennedy EL, Horohov DW, Cook RF, Fitzgerald BP. Effects of systemic inflammation on insulin sensitivity in horses and inflammatory cytokine expression in adipose tissue.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):130-9.
            pubmed: 18167098doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.130google scholar: lookup
          21. Bailey SR, Habershon-Butcher JL, Ransom KJ, Elliott J, Menzies-Gow NJ. Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):122-9.
            pubmed: 18167097doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.122google scholar: lookup
          22. Rugh KS, Garner HE, Sprouse RF, Hatfield DG. Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronically hypertensive ponies.. Lab Anim Sci 1987 Jun;37(3):335-8.
            pubmed: 2956457
          23. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, Douglass L, Harris PA. Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies.. Equine Vet J 2009 Feb;41(2):171-8.
            pubmed: 19418747doi: 10.2746/042516408x342975google scholar: lookup
          24. Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Messer NT, Ganjam VK. Medical implications of obesity in horses--lessons for human obesity.. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009 Jan;3(1):163-74.
            pmc: PMC2769846pubmed: 20046661doi: 10.1177/193229680900300119google scholar: lookup
          25. Waitt LH, Cebra CK. Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995-2005).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009 Apr 1;234(7):915-9.
            pubmed: 19335242doi: 10.2460/javma.234.7.915google scholar: lookup
          26. Ralston SL. Hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia after feeding a meal of grain to young horses with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions.. Pferdeheilkunde 1996;12:320–322.
          27. Durham AE, Hughes KJ, Cottle HJ, Rendle DI, Boston RC. Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis.. Equine Vet J 2009 Dec;41(9):924-9.
            pubmed: 20383993doi: 10.2746/042516409x452152google scholar: lookup
          28. Johnson PJ, Scotty NC, Wiedmeyer C, Messer NT, Kreeger JM. Diabetes mellitus in a domesticated Spanish mustang.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005 Feb 15;226(4):584-8, 542.
            pubmed: 15742701doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.584google scholar: lookup
          29. Yki-Järvinen H. Liver fat in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.. Dig Dis 2010;28(1):203-9.
            pubmed: 20460912doi: 10.1159/000282087google scholar: lookup
          30. Stogdale L. Definition of diabetes mellitus.. Cornell Vet 1986 Apr;76(2):156-74.
            pubmed: 3516569
          31. Kuzuya T, Nakagawa S, Satoh J, Kanazawa Y, Iwamoto Y, Kobayashi M, Nanjo K, Sasaki A, Seino Y, Ito C, Shima K, Nonaka K, Kadowaki T. Report of the Committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus.. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002 Jan;55(1):65-85.
            pubmed: 11755481doi: 10.1016/s0168-8227(01)00365-5google scholar: lookup
          32. Messer NT 4th, Johnson PJ. Evidence-based literature pertaining to thyroid dysfunction and Cushing's syndrome in the horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2007 Aug;23(2):329-64.
            pubmed: 17616317doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.04.004google scholar: lookup
          33. McFarlane D, Dybdal N, Donaldson MT, Miller L, Cribb AE. Nitration and increased alpha-synuclein expression associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.. J Neuroendocrinol 2005 Feb;17(2):73-80.
            pubmed: 15796757doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          34. McFarlane D. Advantages and limitations of the equine disease, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction as a model of spontaneous dopaminergic neurodegenerative disease.. Ageing Res Rev 2007 May;6(1):54-63.
            pubmed: 17374512doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.02.001google scholar: lookup
          35. McGowan CM, Frost R, Pfeiffer DU, Neiger R. Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing's syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value.. Equine Vet J 2004 Apr;36(3):295-8.
            pubmed: 15147141doi: 10.2746/0425164044877288google scholar: lookup
          36. Jorgenson GE. Interesting case of pancreatic glycosurea.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1921;58:718–719.
          37. Jeffrey JR. Diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis in a pony.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968 Nov 1;153(9):1168-75.
            pubmed: 5748466
          38. Bulgin MS, Anderson BC. Verminous arteritis and pancreatic necrosis with diabetes mellitus in a pony.. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1983;5:S482–S285.
          39. McCoy DJ. Diabetes mellitus associated with bilateral granulosa cell tumors in a mare.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 Apr 1;188(7):733-5.
            pubmed: 3700232
          40. Giri JK, Magdesian KG, Gaffney PM. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with presumed autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in a mare.. Can Vet J 2011 May;52(5):506-12.
            pmc: PMC3078003pubmed: 22043070
          41. Ruoff WW, Baker DC, Morgan SJ, Abbitt B. Type II diabetes mellitus in a horse.. Equine Vet J 1986 Mar;18(2):143-4.
            pubmed: 3778577doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03571.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          42. Tasker JB, Whiteman CE, Martin BR. Diabetes mellitus in the horse.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1966 Aug 15;149(4):393-9.
            pubmed: 6007947
          43. Baker JR, Ritchie HE. Diabetes mellitus in the horse: a case report and review of the literature.. Equine Vet J 1974 Jan;6(1):7-11.
            pubmed: 4819829doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1974.tb03919.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          44. Muylle E, van den Hende C, Deprez P, Nuytten J, Oyaert W. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a horse.. Equine Vet J 1986 Mar;18(2):145-6.
            pubmed: 3516676doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03572.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          45. Navas de Solis C, Foreman JH. Transient diabetes mellitus in a neonatal Thoroughbred foal.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010 Dec;20(6):611-5.
            pmc: PMC7169339pubmed: 21166983doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00588.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          46. Aguilar-Bryan L, Bryan J. Neonatal diabetes mellitus.. Endocr Rev 2008 May;29(3):265-91.
            pmc: PMC2528857pubmed: 18436707doi: 10.1210/er.2007-0029google scholar: lookup
          47. Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes.. Acta Diabetol 2010 Sep;47(3):193-9.
            pmc: PMC7088164pubmed: 19333547doi: 10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4google scholar: lookup
          48. Craighead JE. The role of viruses in the pathogenesis of pancreatic disease and diabetes mellitus.. Prog Med Virol 1975;19:161-214.
            pubmed: 164049
          49. Ballotti S, de Martino M. Rotavirus infections and development of type 1 diabetes: an evasive conundrum.. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007 Aug;45(2):147-56.
            pubmed: 17667707doi: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31805fc256google scholar: lookup
          50. van der Werf N, Kroese FG, Rozing J, Hillebrands JL. Viral infections as potential triggers of type 1 diabetes.. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007 Mar;23(3):169-83.
            pubmed: 17103489doi: 10.1002/dmrr.695google scholar: lookup
          51. Scroggie DA, Albright A, Harris MD. The effect of glucosamine-chondroitin supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial.. Arch Intern Med 2003 Jul 14;163(13):1587-90.
            pubmed: 12860582doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.13.1587google scholar: lookup
          52. Kuzuya T, Nakagawa S, Satoh J, Kanazawa Y, Iwamoto Y, Kobayashi M, Nanjo K, Sasaki A, Seino Y, Ito C, Shima K, Nonaka K, Kadowaki T. Report of the Committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus.. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002 Jan;55(1):65-85.
            pubmed: 11755481doi: 10.1016/s0168-8227(01)00365-5google scholar: lookup
          53. Kumar PR, Bhansali A, Ravikiran M, Bhansali S, Dutta P, Thakur JS, Sachdeva N, Bhadada SK, Walia R. Utility of glycated hemoglobin in diagnosing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a community-based study.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 Jun;95(6):2832-5.
            pubmed: 20371663doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2433google scholar: lookup
          54. Tinworth KD, Wynn PC, Boston RC, Harris PA, Sillence MN, Thevis M, Thomas A, Noble GK. Evaluation of commercially available assays for the measurement of equine insulin.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011 Aug;41(2):81-90.
            pubmed: 21741576doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.05.001google scholar: lookup
          55. Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, LaCarrubba A, Ganjam VK, Messer NT 4th. Laminitis and the equine metabolic syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010 Aug;26(2):239-55.
            pubmed: 20699172doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.04.004google scholar: lookup
          56. Eiler H, Frank N, Andrews FM, Oliver JW, Fecteau KA. Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Sep;66(9):1598-604.
            pubmed: 16261835doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1598google scholar: lookup
          57. Schuver A. Use of an oral sugar test to assess insulin sensitivity in healthy and insulin resistant horses [abstract]. J Vet Intern Med 2010;24(3):780.
          58. Wiedmeyer CE, Johnson PJ, Cohn LA, Meadows RL. Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system for use in dogs, cats, and horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003 Oct 1;223(7):987-92.
            pubmed: 14552487doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.987google scholar: lookup
          59. Wiedmeyer CE, Johnson PJ, Cohn LA, Meadows RL, Kerl ME, Tessman RK, Perlis J, DeClue AE. Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system for use in veterinary medicine.. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005 Dec;7(6):885-95.
            pubmed: 16386094doi: 10.1089/dia.2005.7.885google scholar: lookup
          60. Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, LaCarrubba A, Messer NT, Dingfelder HA, Cogswell AM, Amorim JR, Ganjam VK. Clinical assessment of blood glucose homeostasis in horses: comparison of a continuous glucose monitoring system with a combined intravenous glucose and insulin test protocol.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Jan-Feb;25(1):162-5.
            pubmed: 21223373doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0643.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          61. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, Douglass L, Harris PA. Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies.. Equine Vet J 2009 Feb;41(2):171-8.
            pubmed: 19418747doi: 10.2746/042516408x342975google scholar: lookup
          62. Powell DM, Reedy SE, Sessions DR, Fitzgerald BP. Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin sensitivity in obese and lean mares.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):81-4.
            pubmed: 12405664doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05396.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          63. Lacombe VA, Hinchcliff KW, Devor ST. Effects of exercise and glucose administration on content of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter in equine skeletal muscle.. Am J Vet Res 2003 Dec;64(12):1500-6.
            pubmed: 14672428doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1500google scholar: lookup
          64. Nout YS, Hinchcliff KW, Jose-Cunilleras E, Dearth LR, Sivko GS, DeWille JW. Effect of moderate exercise immediately followed by induced hyperglycemia on gene expression and content of the glucose transporter-4 protein in skeletal muscles of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2003 Nov;64(11):1401-8.
            pubmed: 14620777doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1401google scholar: lookup
          65. Sandoval DA, Guy DL, Richardson MA, Ertl AC, Davis SN. Effects of low and moderate antecedent exercise on counterregulatory responses to subsequent hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes.. Diabetes 2004 Jul;53(7):1798-806.
            pubmed: 15220204doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1798google scholar: lookup
          66. Giannarelli R, Aragona M, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. Reducing insulin resistance with metformin: the evidence today.. Diabetes Metab 2003 Sep;29(4 Pt 2):6S28-35.
            pubmed: 14502098doi: 10.1016/s1262-3636(03)72785-2google scholar: lookup
          67. Marchetti P, Del Guerra S, Marselli L, Lupi R, Masini M, Pollera M, Bugliani M, Boggi U, Vistoli F, Mosca F, Del Prato S. Pancreatic islets from type 2 diabetic patients have functional defects and increased apoptosis that are ameliorated by metformin.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Nov;89(11):5535-41.
            pubmed: 15531508doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0150google scholar: lookup
          68. Hustace JL, Firshman AM, Mata JE. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of metformin in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009 May;70(5):665-8.
            pubmed: 19405907doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.5.665google scholar: lookup
          69. Wearn JM, Crisman MV, Davis JL, Geor RJ, Hodgson DR, Suagee JK, Ashraf-Khorassani M, McCutcheon LJ. Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone after multiple oral dose administration in horses.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011 Jun;34(3):252-8.
            pubmed: 21492190doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01217.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          70. Wearn JG, Suagee JK, Crisman MV, Corl BA, Hulver MW, Hodgson DR, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of the insulin sensitizing drug, pioglitazone, and lipopolysaccharide administration on markers of systemic inflammation and clinical parameters in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Jan 15;145(1-2):42-9.
            pubmed: 22088672doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.007google scholar: lookup
          71. Suagee JK, Corl BA, Wearn JG, Crisman MV, Hulver MW, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of the insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone and lipopolysaccharide administration on insulin sensitivity in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):356-64.
            pubmed: 21314724doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0681.xgoogle scholar: lookup

          Citations

          This article has been cited 9 times.
          1. Bowlby CM, Purmessur D, Durgam SS. Equine peripheral blood CD14(+) monocyte-derived macrophage in-vitro characteristics after GM-CSF pretreatment and LPS+IFN-γ or IL-4+IL-10 differentiation.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023 Jan;255:110534.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110534pubmed: 36502640google scholar: lookup
          2. McLean NL, McGilchrist N, Nielsen BD. Dietary Iron Unlikely to Cause Insulin Resistance in Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 21;12(19).
            doi: 10.3390/ani12192510pubmed: 36230253google scholar: lookup
          3. Raspa F, Vervuert I, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Bergero D, Forte C, Greppi M, Cavallarin L, Giribaldi M, Antoniazzi S, Cavallini D, Valvassori E, Valle E. A high-starch vs. high-fibre diet: effects on the gut environment of the different intestinal compartments of the horse digestive tract.. BMC Vet Res 2022 May 19;18(1):187.
            doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03289-2pubmed: 35590319google scholar: lookup
          4. Klein DJ, McKeever KH, Mirek ET, Anthony TG. Metabolomic Response of Equine Skeletal Muscle to Acute Fatiguing Exercise and Training.. Front Physiol 2020;11:110.
            doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00110pubmed: 32132934google scholar: lookup
          5. Lindenberg F, Krych L, Fielden J, Kot W, Frøkiær H, van Galen G, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Expression of immune regulatory genes correlate with the abundance of specific Clostridiales and Verrucomicrobia species in the equine ileum and cecum.. Sci Rep 2019 Sep 3;9(1):12674.
            doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49081-5pubmed: 31481726google scholar: lookup
          6. Coleman MC, Whitfield-Cargile CM, Madrigal RG, Cohen ND. Comparison of the microbiome, metabolome, and lipidome of obese and non-obese horses.. PLoS One 2019;14(4):e0215918.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215918pubmed: 31013335google scholar: lookup
          7. Durward-Akhurst SA, Schultz NE, Norton EM, Rendahl AK, Besselink H, Behnisch PA, Brouwer A, Geor RJ, Mickelson JR, McCue ME. Associations between endocrine disrupting chemicals and equine metabolic syndrome phenotypes.. Chemosphere 2019 Mar;218:652-661.
            doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.136pubmed: 30502704google scholar: lookup
          8. Yang K, Adin C, Shen Q, Lee LJ, Yu L, Fadda P, Samogyi A, Ham K, Xu L, Gilor C, Ziouzenkova O. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 a1 regulates energy metabolism in adipocytes from different species.. Xenotransplantation 2017 Sep;24(5).
            doi: 10.1111/xen.12318pubmed: 28718514google scholar: lookup
          9. Schermerhorn T. Normal glucose metabolism in carnivores overlaps with diabetes pathology in non-carnivores.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013 Dec 3;4:188.
            doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00188pubmed: 24348462google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.