FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice2018; 34(1); 39-53; doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.002

Diagnosis and Treatment of Undifferentiated and Infectious Acute Diarrhea in the Adult Horse.

Abstract: Acute, infectious, diarrhea in adult horses is a major cause of morbidity and is associated with numerous complications. Common causes include salmonellosis, clostridiosis, Coronavirus, and infection with Neorickettsia risticii (Potomac horse fever). Treatment is empirical and supportive until results of specific diagnostic tests are available. Supportive care is aimed at restoring hydration, correcting electrolyte imbalances, and limiting the systemic inflammatory response. The mainstays of therapy are intravenous fluid therapy, electrolyte supplementation where necessary, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and nutritional support. Specific therapies include colloid oncotic support, antibiotics, hyperimmune plasma, polymyxin B, pentoxifylline, probiotics, binding agents, gastroprotectants, laminitis prevention, and coagulation prophylaxis.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-02-14 PubMed ID: 29426709PubMed Central: PMC7134835DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.002Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in adult horses, which is a significant source of illness and related complications. The role of hydration, electrolyte balance, and anti-inflammatory measures in treatment is highlighted, alongside the use of therapies such as antibiotics, probiotics, gastroprotectants, and preventive measures against other diseases like laminitis and coagulation disorders.

Background

  • Acute diarrhea in adult horses is an important cause of sickness and associated complications, including disease due to Salmonella, Clostridium (a bacterium), a kind of virus known as Coronavirus and an infection with Neorickettsia risticii, known commonly as Potomac horse fever.

Diagnosis

  • The diagnosis of diarrhea involves empirical and supportive care until the results of precise diagnostic tests are available.
  • This means that the approach to diagnosing this ailment involves observation and experience rather than just merely relying on scientific theory or facts.

Aim of Treatment

  • The focus of treatment is to restore hydration, correct electrolyte imbalances, and limit the systemic inflammatory response.
  • Systemic inflammatory response is a widespread activation of the body’s immune system in response to an infection or injury, which if not controlled, can lead to serious health issues.

Primary Treatment Strategies

  • The principal strategies for handling this condition are intravenous fluid therapy (supplying fluids directly into a vein), where necessary, electrolyte supplementation (adding vital minerals), use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (medicines that reduce inflammation), and nutritional support.

Specific Therapies

  • The study outlines specific therapy options, which include the use of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections, probiotics to promote healthy gut flora, and binding agents to help bulk the stool and reduce diarrhea.
  • Other therapies include gastroprotectants to protect the stomach lining, preventative measures for laminitis (a disease affecting horse’s hooves), and coagulation prophylaxis (measures to prevent blood clots).
  • The use of colloid oncotic support (a technique to maintain adequate fluid balance in the bloodstream), hyperimmune plasma (a type of blood product containing many antibodies), and polymyxin B (an antibiotic) are also mentioned as potential treatment options.
  • Pentoxifylline, a drug often used to treat muscle pain in humans but here likely utilised for its anti-inflammatory properties, is another therapeutic measure noted in the study.

Cite This Article

APA
Shaw SD, Stämpfli H. (2018). Diagnosis and Treatment of Undifferentiated and Infectious Acute Diarrhea in the Adult Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 34(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.002

Publication

The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice
ISSN: 1558-4224
NlmUniqueID: 8511904
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 34
Issue: 1
Pages: 39-53
PII: S0749-0739(17)30915-X

Researcher Affiliations

Shaw, Sarah D
  • Rotenberg Veterinary P.C., Palgrave, Ontario LOG 1WO, Canada; Large Animal Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
Stämpfli, Henry
  • Large Animal Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. Electronic address: hstaempf@uoguelph.ca.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Diarrhea / diagnosis
  • Diarrhea / microbiology
  • Diarrhea / veterinary
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horse Diseases / therapy
  • Horses

References

This article includes 72 references
  1. Sanchez LC. Pathophysiology of Diarrhea. In: Reed S.M., Bayly W.M., Sellon D.C., editors. Equine internal medicine. vol. 3rd edition. Saunders; St. Louis(MO): 2010. pp. 793–866.
  2. Cohen ND, Woods AM. Characteristics and risk factors for failure of horses with acute diarrhea to survive: 122 cases (1990-1996).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 Feb 1;214(3):382-90.
    pubmed: 10023402
  3. Belgrave RL, Dickey MM, Arheart KL, Cray C. Assessment of serum amyloid A testing of horses and its clinical application in a specialized equine practice.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013 Jul 1;243(1):113-9.
    pubmed: 23786199doi: 10.2460/javma.243.1.113google scholar: lookup
  4. Staempfli HR, Townsend HG, Prescott JF. Prognostic features and clinical presentation of acute idiopathic enterocolitis in horses.. Can Vet J 1991 Apr;32(4):232-7.
    pmc: PMC1481315pubmed: 17423769
  5. Hashimoto-Hill S, Magdesian KG, Kass PH. Serial measurement of lactate concentration in horses with acute colitis.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Nov-Dec;25(6):1414-9.
    pubmed: 22092636doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00808.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Weese JS, Baird JD, Poppe C, Archambault M. Emergence of Salmonella typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104) as an important cause of salmonellosis in horses in Ontario.. Can Vet J 2001 Oct;42(10):788-92.
    pmc: PMC1476586pubmed: 11665427
  7. Kurowski PB, Traub-Dargatz JL, Morley PS, Gentry-Weeks CR. Detection of Salmonella spp in fecal specimens by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay.. Am J Vet Res 2002 Sep;63(9):1265-8.
    pubmed: 12224858doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1265google scholar: lookup
  8. Timoney J. Salmonella infections in horses. In: Barrow P.A., Methner U., editors. Salmonella in domestic animals. 2nd edition. CABI; Oxfordshire(UK): 2013. pp. 305–317.
  9. Ekiri AB, MacKay RJ, Gaskin JM, Freeman DE, House AM, Giguère S, Troedsson MR, Schuman CD, von Chamier MM, Henry KM, Hernandez JA. Epidemiologic analysis of nosocomial Salmonella infections in hospitalized horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009 Jan 1;234(1):108-19.
    pubmed: 19119974doi: 10.2460/javma.234.1.108google scholar: lookup
  10. Ernst NS, Hernandez JA, MacKay RJ, Brown MP, Gaskin JM, Nguyen AD, Giguere S, Colahan PT, Troedsson MR, Haines GR, Addison IR, Miller BJ. Risk factors associated with fecal Salmonella shedding among hospitalized horses with signs of gastrointestinal tract disease.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004 Jul 15;225(2):275-81.
    pubmed: 15323386doi: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.275google scholar: lookup
  11. Alinovi CA, Ward MP, Couëtil LL, Wu CC. Risk factors for fecal shedding of Salmonella from horses in a veterinary teaching hospital.. Prev Vet Med 2003 Sep 12;60(4):307-17.
    pubmed: 12941555doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(03)00143-0google scholar: lookup
  12. Cohen ND, Martin LJ, Simpson RB, Wallis DE, Neibergs HL. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microbiological culture for detection of salmonellae in equine feces and environmental samples.. Am J Vet Res 1996 Jun;57(6):780-6.
    pubmed: 8725799
  13. Schoster A, Arroyo LG, Staempfli HR, Shewen PE, Weese JS. Presence and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses.. BMC Vet Res 2012 Jun 29;8:94.
    pmc: PMC3514389pubmed: 22748233doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-94google scholar: lookup
  14. Schoster A, Staempfli H. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile with special reference to the horse. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep 2016;3(1):32–41.
  15. Magdesian KG, Dujowich M, Madigan JE, Hansen LM, Hirsh DC, Jang SS. Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 Mar 1;228(5):751-5.
    pubmed: 16506942doi: 10.2460/javma.228.5.751google scholar: lookup
  16. Magdesian KG, Leutenegger CM. Real-time PCR and typing of Clostridium difficile isolates colonizing mare-foal pairs.. Vet J 2011 Oct;190(1):119-23.
    pubmed: 21035363doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.10.001google scholar: lookup
  17. Elmer GW, McFarland LV. Biotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diarrhea.. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001 Sep;30(3):837-54.
    pubmed: 11586560doi: 10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70213-2google scholar: lookup
  18. van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Visser CE, Kuijper EJ, Bartelsman JF, Tijssen JG, Speelman P, Dijkgraaf MG, Keller JJ. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile.. N Engl J Med 2013 Jan 31;368(5):407-15.
    pubmed: 23323867doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1205037google scholar: lookup
  19. Mullen KR, Yasuda K, Divers TJ, Weese JS. Equine faecal microbiota transplant: Current knowledge, proposed guidelines and future directions.. Equine Vet Educ 2018 Mar;30(3):151-160.
    pmc: PMC7159401pubmed: 32313396doi: 10.1111/eve.12559google scholar: lookup
  20. Waters M, Raju D, Garmory HS, Popoff MR, Sarker MR. Regulated expression of the beta2-toxin gene (cpb2) in Clostridium perfringens type a isolates from horses with gastrointestinal diseases.. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Aug;43(8):4002-9.
    pmc: PMC1233996pubmed: 16081942doi: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.4002-4009.2005google scholar: lookup
  21. Gohari IM, Arroyo L, Macinnes JI, Timoney JF, Parreira VR, Prescott JF. Characterization of Clostridium perfringens in the feces of adult horses and foals with acute enterocolitis.. Can J Vet Res 2014 Jan;78(1):1-7.
    pmc: PMC3878003pubmed: 24396174
  22. Lawler JB, Hassel DM, Magnuson RJ, Hill AE, McCue PM, Traub-Dargatz JL. Adsorptive effects of di-tri-octahedral smectite on Clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Feb;69(2):233-9.
    pubmed: 18241021doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.2.233google scholar: lookup
  23. Weese JS, Cote NM, deGannes RV. Evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth.. Equine Vet J 2003 Nov;35(7):638-41.
    pubmed: 14649353doi: 10.2746/042516403775696384google scholar: lookup
  24. Oue Y, Ishihara R, Edamatsu H, Morita Y, Yoshida M, Yoshima M, Hatama S, Murakami K, Kanno T. Isolation of an equine coronavirus from adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease and its antigenic and genomic characterization in comparison with the NC99 strain.. Vet Microbiol 2011 May 12;150(1-2):41-8.
    pmc: PMC7117184pubmed: 21273011doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.004google scholar: lookup
  25. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, White A, Ball R, Sapp K, Burns P, Ormond C, Butterworth K, Bartol J, Magdesian KG. Emerging outbreaks associated with equine coronavirus in adult horses.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Feb 22;162(1):228-31.
    pmc: PMC7117461pubmed: 23123176doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.014google scholar: lookup
  26. Giannitti F, Diab S, Mete A, Stanton JB, Fielding L, Crossley B, Sverlow K, Fish S, Mapes S, Scott L, Pusterla N. Necrotizing Enteritis and Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Associated With Equine Coronavirus Infection in Equids.. Vet Pathol 2015 Nov;52(6):1148-56.
    pubmed: 25648965doi: 10.1177/0300985814568683google scholar: lookup
  27. Xiong Q, Bekebrede H, Sharma P, Arroyo LG, Baird JD, Rikihisa Y. An Ecotype of Neorickettsia risticii Causing Potomac Horse Fever in Canada.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016 Oct 1;82(19):6030-6.
    pmc: PMC5038023pubmed: 27474720doi: 10.1128/aem.01366-16google scholar: lookup
  28. Pusterla N, Johnson EM, Chae JS, Madigan JE. Digenetic trematodes, Acanthatrium sp. and Lecithodendrium sp., as vectors of Neorickettsia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever.. J Helminthol 2003 Dec;77(4):335-9.
    pubmed: 14627451doi: 10.1079/joh2003181google scholar: lookup
  29. Mott J, Muramatsu Y, Seaton E, Martin C, Reed S, Rikihisa Y. Molecular analysis of Neorickettsia risticii in adult aquatic insects in Pennsylvania, in horses infected by ingestion of insects, and isolated in cell culture.. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Feb;40(2):690-3.
    pmc: PMC153368pubmed: 11825999doi: 10.1128/jcm.40.2.690-693.2002google scholar: lookup
  30. Bertin FR, Reising A, Slovis NM, Constable PD, Taylor SD. Clinical and clinicopathological factors associated with survival in 44 horses with equine neorickettsiosis (Potomac horse Fever).. J Vet Intern Med 2013 Nov-Dec;27(6):1528-34.
    pubmed: 24118378doi: 10.1111/jvim.12209google scholar: lookup
  31. Madigan JE, Rikihisa Y, Palmer JE, DeRock E, Mott J. Evidence for a high rate of false-positive results with the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Ehrlichia risticii antibody in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Dec 1;207(11):1448-53.
    pubmed: 7493874
  32. Mott J, Rikihisa Y, Zhang Y, Reed SM, Yu CY. Comparison of PCR and culture to the indirect fluorescent-antibody test for diagnosis of Potomac horse fever.. J Clin Microbiol 1997 Sep;35(9):2215-9.
    pmc: PMC229942pubmed: 9276390doi: 10.1128/jcm.35.9.2215-2219.1997google scholar: lookup
  33. Atwill ER, Mohammed HO. Evaluation of vaccination of horses as a strategy to control equine monocytic ehrlichiosis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996 Apr 15;208(8):1290-4.
    pubmed: 8635974
  34. Dutta SK, Vemulapalli R, Biswas B. Association of deficiency in antibody response to vaccine and heterogeneity of Ehrlichia risticii strains with Potomac horse fever vaccine failure in horses.. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Feb;36(2):506-12.
    pmc: PMC104568pubmed: 9466767doi: 10.1128/jcm.36.2.506-512.1998google scholar: lookup
  35. Seahorn JL, Seahorn TL. Fluid therapy in horses with gastrointestinal disease.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003 Dec;19(3):665-79.
    pubmed: 14740762doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2003.08.005google scholar: lookup
  36. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA. Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1997 May;58(5):541-8.
    pubmed: 9140565
  37. Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars TD, David JB, Boston RC. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch infusion on colloid oncotic pressure in hypoproteinemic horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001 Apr 1;218(7):1130-5.
    pubmed: 11318365doi: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1130google scholar: lookup
  38. Bellezzo F, Kuhnmuench T, Hackett ES. The effect of colloid formulation on colloid osmotic pressure in horses with naturally occurring gastrointestinal disease.. BMC Vet Res 2014;10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S8.
    pmc: PMC4123155pubmed: 25237987doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-s1-s8google scholar: lookup
  39. Pantaleon LG, Furr MO, McKenzie HC 2nd, Donaldson L. Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of hetastarch plus hypertonic saline solutions during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2006 Nov-Dec;20(6):1422-8.
    pubmed: 17186860doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1422:capeoh]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  40. Pantaleon LG, Furr MO, McKenzie HC, Donaldson L. Effects of small- and large-volume resuscitation on coagulation and electrolytes during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 Nov-Dec;21(6):1374-9.
    pubmed: 18196749doi: 10.1892/06-289.1google scholar: lookup
  41. Blong AE, Epstein KL, Brainard BM. In vitro effects of three formulations of hydroxyethyl starch solutions on coagulation and platelet function in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2013 May;74(5):712-20.
    pubmed: 23627384doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.5.712google scholar: lookup
  42. Epstein KL, Bergren A, Giguère S, Brainard BM. Cardiovascular, colloid osmotic pressure, and hemostatic effects of 2 formulations of hydroxyethyl starch in healthy horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2014 Jan-Feb;28(1):223-33.
    pmc: PMC4895541pubmed: 24428324doi: 10.1111/jvim.12245google scholar: lookup
  43. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012.. Intensive Care Med 2013 Feb;39(2):165-228.
    pmc: PMC7095153pubmed: 23361625doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8google scholar: lookup
  44. McKenzie EC, Esser MM, McNitt SE, Payton ME. Effect of infusion of equine plasma or 6% hydroxyethyl starch (600/0.75) solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy horses.. Am J Vet Res 2016 Jul;77(7):708-14.
    pubmed: 27347823doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.708google scholar: lookup
  45. Grønvold AM, L'Abée-Lund TM, Strand E, Sørum H, Yannarell AC, Mackie RI. Fecal microbiota of horses in the clinical setting: potential effects of penicillin and general anesthesia.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Oct 26;145(3-4):366-72.
    pubmed: 20434851doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.023google scholar: lookup
  46. Costa MC, Stämpfli HR, Arroyo LG, Allen-Vercoe E, Gomes RG, Weese JS. Changes in the equine fecal microbiota associated with the use of systemic antimicrobial drugs.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Feb 3;11:19.
    pmc: PMC4323147pubmed: 25644524doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0335-7google scholar: lookup
  47. Costa MC, Arroyo LG, Allen-Vercoe E, Stämpfli HR, Kim PT, Sturgeon A, Weese JS. Comparison of the fecal microbiota of healthy horses and horses with colitis by high throughput sequencing of the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene.. PLoS One 2012;7(7):e41484.
    pmc: PMC3409227pubmed: 22859989doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041484google scholar: lookup
  48. House JK, Mainar-Jaime RC, Smith BP, House AM, Kamiya DY. Risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infection among hospitalized horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999 May 15;214(10):1511-6.
    pubmed: 10340078
  49. Moore JN, Barton MH. Treatment of endotoxemia.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003 Dec;19(3):681-95.
    pubmed: 14740763doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2003.08.006google scholar: lookup
  50. Jackman BR, Moore JN, Barton MH, Morris DD. Comparison of the effects of ketoprofen and flunixin meglumine on the in vitro response of equine peripheral blood monocytes to bacterial endotoxin.. Can J Vet Res 1994 Apr;58(2):138-43.
    pmc: PMC1263680pubmed: 8004539
  51. Semrad SD, Hardee GE, Hardee MM, Moore JN. Low dose flunixin meglumine: effects on eicosanoid production and clinical signs induced by experimental endotoxaemia in horses.. Equine Vet J 1987 May;19(3):201-6.
    pubmed: 3608957doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01380.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  52. Morresey PR, Mackay RJ. Endotoxin-neutralizing activity of polymyxin B in blood after IV administration in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Apr;67(4):642-7.
    pubmed: 16579757doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.642google scholar: lookup
  53. Parviainen AK, Barton MH, Norton NN. Evaluation of polymyxin B in an ex vivo model of endotoxemia in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Jan;62(1):72-6.
    pubmed: 11197565doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.72google scholar: lookup
  54. Forbes G, Church S, Savage CJ, Bailey SR. Effects of hyperimmune equine plasma on clinical and cellular responses in a low-dose endotoxaemia model in horses.. Res Vet Sci 2012 Feb;92(1):40-4.
    pubmed: 21093001doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.10.020google scholar: lookup
  55. Liska DA, Akucewich LH, Marsella R, Maxwell LK, Barbara JE, Cole CA. Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite after oral and intravenous administration of pentoxifylline to healthy adult horses.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Sep;67(9):1621-7.
    pubmed: 16948611doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.9.1621google scholar: lookup
  56. Barton MH, Moore JN, Norton N. Effects of pentoxifylline infusion on response of horses to in vivo challenge exposure with endotoxin.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Nov;58(11):1300-7.
    pubmed: 9361896
  57. Baskett A, Barton MH, Norton N, Anders B, Moore JN. Effect of pentoxifylline, flunixin meglumine, and their combination on a model of endotoxemia in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Nov;58(11):1291-9.
    pubmed: 9361895
  58. Edmunds JL, Worgan HJ, Dougal K, Girdwood SE, Douglas JL, McEwan NR. In vitro analysis of the effect of supplementation with activated charcoal on the equine hindgut.. J Equine Sci 2016;27(2):49-55.
    pmc: PMC4914397pubmed: 27330398doi: 10.1294/jes.27.49google scholar: lookup
  59. Desrochers AM, Dolente BA, Roy MF, Boston R, Carlisle S. Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii for treatment of horses with acute enterocolitis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005 Sep 15;227(6):954-9.
    pubmed: 16190596doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.954google scholar: lookup
  60. Boyle AG, Magdesian KG, Durando MM, Gallop R, Sigdel S. Saccharomyces boulardii viability and efficacy in horses with antimicrobial-induced diarrhoea.. Vet Rec 2013 Feb 2;172(5):128.
    pubmed: 23161811doi: 10.1136/vr.100833google scholar: lookup
  61. Schoster A, Staempfli HR, Abrahams M, Jalali M, Weese JS, Guardabassi L. Effect of a probiotic on prevention of diarrhea and Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens shedding in foals.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):925-31.
    pmc: PMC4895414pubmed: 25903509doi: 10.1111/jvim.12584google scholar: lookup
  62. Furr M. Orally administered Pediococcus acidilactici and Saccharomyces boulardii-based probiotics alter select equine immune function parameters. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34(10):1156–1163.
  63. Weese JS. Microbiologic evaluation of commercial probiotics.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002 Mar 15;220(6):794-7.
    pubmed: 11918274doi: 10.2460/javma.2002.220.794google scholar: lookup
  64. Weese JS, Martin H. Assessment of commercial probiotic bacterial contents and label accuracy.. Can Vet J 2011 Jan;52(1):43-6.
    pmc: PMC3003573pubmed: 21461205
  65. Tleyjeh IM, Bin Abdulhak AA, Riaz M, Alasmari FA, Garbati MA, AlGhamdi M, Khan AR, Al Tannir M, Erwin PJ, Ibrahim T, Allehibi A, Baddour LM, Sutton AJ. Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and clostridium difficile infection: a contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis.. PLoS One 2012;7(12):e50836.
    pmc: PMC3517572pubmed: 23236397doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050836google scholar: lookup
  66. Furr M, Cohen ND, Axon JE, Sanchez LC, Pantaleon L, Haggett E, Campbell R, Tennent-Brown B. Treatment with histamine-type 2 receptor antagonists and omeprazole increase the risk of diarrhoea in neonatal foals treated in intensive care units.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2012 Feb;(41):80-6.
    pubmed: 22594032doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00499.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  67. Van Eps AW, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis model: lamellar histopathology seven days after induction with oligofructose.. Equine Vet J 2009 Nov;41(8):735-40.
    pubmed: 20095219doi: 10.2746/042516409x444953google scholar: lookup
  68. Divers TJ. Clinical application of current research findings toward the prevention and treatment of acute laminitis in horses with systemic inflammatory diseases: an internist’s perspective. J Equine Vet Sci 2010;30(9):517–524.
  69. Liu XL, Wang XZ, Liu XX, Hao D, Jaladat Y, Lu F, Sun T, Lv CJ. Low-dose heparin as treatment for early disseminated intravascular coagulation during sepsis: A prospective clinical study.. Exp Ther Med 2014 Mar;7(3):604-608.
    pmc: PMC3919907pubmed: 24520253doi: 10.3892/etm.2013.1466google scholar: lookup
  70. de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Grulke S, Detilleux J, Salciccia A, Verwilghen DR, Caudron I, Gangl M, Serteyn DD. Evaluation of low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009 Feb;19(1):113-9.
    pubmed: 19691592doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00379.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  71. Feige K, Schwarzwald CC, Bombeli T. Comparison of unfractioned and low molecular weight heparin for prophylaxis of coagulopathies in 52 horses with colic: a randomised double-blind clinical trial.. Equine Vet J 2003 Jul;35(5):506-13.
    pubmed: 12875331doi: 10.2746/042516403775600514google scholar: lookup
  72. Magdesian KG. Nutrition for critical gastrointestinal illness: feeding horses with diarrhea or colic.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003 Dec;19(3):617-44.
    pubmed: 14740760doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2003.08.011google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 15 times.
  1. Zakia LS, Arroyo LG, Gomez DE, Boerlin P, Surette MG, Lillie BN. Postmortem examination of equids >1-year-old with enterotyphlocolitis in Ontario: a retrospective descriptive study. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023 Jul;35(4):349-353.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387231176229pubmed: 37204051google scholar: lookup
  2. Zakia LS, Gomez DE, Caddey BB, Boerlin P, Surette MG, Arroyo LG. Direct and culture-enriched 16S rRNA sequencing of cecal content of healthy horses and horses with typhlocolitis. PLoS One 2023;18(4):e0284193.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284193pubmed: 37053174google scholar: lookup
  3. Ayoub C, Arroyo LG, MacNicol JL, Renaud D, Weese JS, Gomez DE. Fecal microbiota of horses with colitis and its association with laminitis and survival during hospitalization. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):2213-2223.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16562pubmed: 36271677google scholar: lookup
  4. Navarro MA, Arroyo LG, Uzal FA. Special section on diseases of the equine gastrointestinal tract. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):353.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387221081217pubmed: 35291888google scholar: lookup
  5. Hain-Saunders NMR, Knight DR, Bruce M, Riley TV. Clostridioides difficile infection and One Health: an equine perspective. Environ Microbiol 2022 Mar;24(3):985-997.
    doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15898pubmed: 35001483google scholar: lookup
  6. Uzal FA, Arroyo LG, Navarro MA, Gomez DE, Asín J, Henderson E. Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):354-375.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387211057469pubmed: 34763560google scholar: lookup
  7. Willette JA, Kopper JJ, Kogan CJ, Seguin MA, Schott HC. Effect of season and geographic location in the United States on detection of potential enteric pathogens or toxin genes in horses ≥6-mo-old. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022 May;34(3):407-411.
    doi: 10.1177/10406387211056054pubmed: 34763559google scholar: lookup
  8. Luethy D, Feldman R, Stefanovski D, Aitken MR. Risk factors for laminitis and nonsurvival in acute colitis: Retrospective study of 85 hospitalized horses (2011-2019). J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jul;35(4):2019-2025.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16147pubmed: 33938584google scholar: lookup
  9. Arroyo LG, Rossi L, Santos BP, Gomez DE, Surette MG, Costa MC. Luminal and Mucosal Microbiota of the Cecum and Large Colon of Healthy and Diarrheic Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020 Aug 12;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10081403pubmed: 32806591google scholar: lookup
  10. Paulino PG, Almosny N, Oliveira R, Viscardi V, Müller A, Guimarães A, Baldani C, da Silva C, Peckle M, Massard C, Santos H. Detection of Neorickettsia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, in horses from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci Rep 2020 Apr 29;10(1):7208.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64328-2pubmed: 32350359google scholar: lookup
  11. McKenzie HC, Funk RA, Trager L, Werre SR, Crisman M. Immunogenicity of Potomac horse fever vaccine when simultaneously co-administered with rabies vaccine in a multivalent vaccine or as two monovalent vaccines at separate sites. Equine Vet J 2019 Nov;51(6):774-778.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13096pubmed: 30859618google scholar: lookup
  12. Rossi GAM, Sellera FP, Ferraz CM, Carvalho RS, Oliveira APL, Marques CA, Fávaro EBR, Rosa RDS, Silva LAM, Cardozo MV, Stehling EG, Furlan JPR. Antimicrobial-Resistant Enteric Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from a Fatal Diarrhea in a Horse: Genomic Characterization of CTX-M-2-Producing Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2025 Nov 21;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14121185pubmed: 41463689google scholar: lookup
  13. Gomez DE, Kopper JJ, Byrne DP, Renaud DL, Schoster A, Dunkel B, Arroyo LG, Mykkanen A, Gilsenan WF, Pihl TH, Lopez-Navarro G, Tennent-Brown BS, Hostnik LD, Mora-Pereira M, Marques F, Gold JR, DeNotta SL, Desjardins I, Stewart AJ, Kuroda T, Schaefer E, Oliver-Espinosa OJ, Agne GF, Uberti B, Veiras P, Delph Miller KM, Gialleti R, John E, Toribio RE. Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study. PLoS One 2024;19(11):e0313783.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313783pubmed: 39565809google scholar: lookup
  14. Haywood LMB, Sheahan BJ. A Review of Epithelial Ion Transporters and Their Roles in Equine Infectious Colitis. Vet Sci 2024 Oct 7;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11100480pubmed: 39453072google scholar: lookup
  15. Amory H, Cesarini C, De Maré L, Loublier C, Moula N, Detilleux J, Saulmont M, Garigliany MM, Lecoq L. Relationship between the Cycle Threshold Value (Ct) of a Salmonella spp. qPCR Performed on Feces and Clinical Signs and Outcome in Horses. Microorganisms 2023 Jul 30;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11081950pubmed: 37630510google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,824 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.