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PloS one2018; 13(8); e0202527; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202527

Differential effects of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on fecal microbiota in adult horses.

Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are routinely used in both veterinary and human medicine. Gastrointestinal injury is a frequent adverse event associated with NSAID use and evidence suggests that NSAIDs induce gastrointestinal microbial imbalance (i.e., dysbiosis) in both animals and people. It is unknown, however, whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective NSAIDs induce dysbiosis, or if this phenomenon occurs in horses administered any class of NSAIDs. Therefore, our objectives were to determine whether the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiota of adult horses were altered by NSAID use, and whether these effects differed between non-selective and COX-2-selective NSAIDs. Twenty-five adult horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control (n = 5); phenylbutazone (n = 10); or, firocoxib (n = 10). Treatments were administered for 10 days. Fecal samples were collected every 5 days for 25 days. DNA was extracted from feces and the 16S rRNA gene amplified and sequenced to determine the composition of the microbiota and the inferred metagenome. While the fecal microbiota profile of the control group remained stable over time, the phenylbutazone and firocoxib groups had decreased diversity, and alteration of their microbiota profiles was most pronounced at day 10. Similarly, there were clear alterations of the inferred metagenome at day 10 compared to all other days, indicating that use of both non-selective and selective COX inhibitors resulted in temporary alterations of the fecal microbiota and inferred metagenome. Dysbiosis associated with NSAID administration is clinically relevant because dysbiosis has been associated with several important diseases of horses including abdominal pain (colic), colitis, enteric infections, and laminitis.
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Publication Date: 2018-08-23 PubMed ID: 30138339PubMed Central: PMC6107168DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202527Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the gastrointestinal microbiota in horses, showing that these drugs can lead to an imbalance or dysbiosis in the gut bacteria.

Objective and Methodology of the Research

  • The main objective of this research was to ascertain if the use of NSAIDs — specifically non-selective and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective inhibitors — alter the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiota in adult horses. An imbalance in gut flora brought on by these NSAIDs is referred to as dysbiosis. This study aimed to examine if dysbiosis occurs in horses that receive these drugs and whether this effect varies between the two types of NSAIDs.
  • The study involved 25 adult horses divided into three groups: a control group, a group treated with phenylbutazone (a non-selective NSAID), and a group treated with firocoxib (a COX-2-selective NSAID). The treatment period lasted for 10 days, and fecal samples were collected every 5 days for 25 days. DNA was extracted from these fecal samples, and the 16S rRNA gene (a genetic marker used for bacterial identification and classification) was analyzed to determine changes in the gut microbiota and its inferred metagenome (the total genetic material present).

Results of the Study

  • The researchers found out that while the gut microbiota of the control group remained stable, horses treated with either non-selective or COX-2-selective NSAIDs demonstrated a decrease in microbiota diversity. The alteration in the gut flora was most significant on day 10 of the treatment period.
  • Similarly, changes in the inferred metagenome were most obvious on day 10 compared to other days, implying that both types of COX inhibitors caused temporary changes in the gut microbiota and its metagenome.

Relevance of the Research

  • Dysbiosis related to NSAID administration has clinical significance, as it has been linked to several noteworthy equine diseases, including abdominal pain, colitis, enteric infections, and laminitis. Therefore, understanding the effects of NSAIDs on the gut flora of horses could inform better NSAID use protocols and potential preventative measures to mitigate against these associated diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Whitfield-Cargile CM, Chamoun-Emanuelli AM, Cohen ND, Richardson LM, Ajami NJ, Dockery HJ. (2018). Differential effects of selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on fecal microbiota in adult horses. PLoS One, 13(8), e0202527. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202527

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 8
Pages: e0202527

Researcher Affiliations

Whitfield-Cargile, Canaan M
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
Chamoun-Emanuelli, Ana M
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
Cohen, Noah D
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
Richardson, Lauren M
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
Ajami, Nadim J
  • The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
Dockery, Hannah J
  • Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • 4-Butyrolactone / administration & dosage
  • 4-Butyrolactone / adverse effects
  • 4-Butyrolactone / analogs & derivatives
  • Adult
  • Animals
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / administration & dosage
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / adverse effects
  • Cyclooxygenase 2 / genetics
  • Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / administration & dosage
  • Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / adverse effects
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Horses / microbiology
  • Humans
  • Metagenome / drug effects
  • Microbiota / drug effects
  • Phenylbutazone / administration & dosage
  • Phenylbutazone / adverse effects
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics
  • Sulfones / administration & dosage
  • Sulfones / adverse effects

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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