FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Effect of First Long-Term Training on Whole Blood Count and ...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(2); 447; doi: 10.3390/ani11020447

Effect of First Long-Term Training on Whole Blood Count and Blood Clotting Parameters in Thoroughbreds.

Abstract: Training has a strong effect on the physiology of hematological parameters and blood coagulation, both in humans and in horses. Several blood changes have been reported after exercise in horses but available data differ. We aimed to investigate modifications in complete blood count and some hemostatic parameters induced by the first training period in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses to detect a possible labile blood coagulability in racehorses. Twenty-nine untrained 2-year-old Thoroughbreds were followed during their incremental 4-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed once a month, five times (T-30, T0, T30, T60 and T90), before and during the training period for measurement of complete blood count (CBC) and blood clotting parameters (prothrombin time-PT, activated partial prothrombin time-APTT, thrombin clotting time-TCT, fibrinogen-Fb, thrombin-antithrombin complex-TAT). Differences among the time points for each parameter were analyzed (ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, < 0.05). In Thoroughbreds, the first long-term exercise workout period was found to induce a statistical increase in red blood cell indexes and lymphocytes, eosinophils and platelet counts, as well as a hypercoagulability state evident at 30 days of training, which returned to basal levels after 90 days. Regular physical exercise seems to blunt the negative effects of acute efforts on hematological and clotting parameters, an effect that may be attributed to the training condition.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-02-09 PubMed ID: 33572086PubMed Central: PMC7915801DOI: 10.3390/ani11020447Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigated the effect of the first long-term exercise regimen on blood count and clotting parameters in young, untrained Thoroughbred racehorses. The study found that the initial exercise period led to a statistical increase in red blood cell indexes, certain white blood cells, and platelet count, indicating a higher blood coagulation state at 30 days into training, which normalized after 90 days.

Objective of the Research

  • The primary purpose of this study was to investigate changes in complete blood count (CBC) and some blood clotting parameters triggered by the initial training phase in young, untrained Thoroughbred racehorses. This is because training has a significant impact on blood parameters, affecting both people and horses. Because existing data on this topic is inconsistent, the researchers sought to establish a clearer understanding of the effects of training on these parameters.

Methodology

  • 29 untrained 2-year-old Thoroughbreds were incrementally trained over a four-month period.
  • Blood samples were collected five times – once a month – before and during the training period to measure CBC and blood clotting parameters. The blood clotting parameters measured included prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin clotting time (TCT), fibrinogen (Fb), and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT).
  • The researchers used ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance to analyze differences among the time points for each parameter. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Findings

  • The study found that the initial long-term exercise schedule resulted in a statistically significant increase in indexes of red blood cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and platelet counts, indicating a hypercoagulability state at 30 days of training.
  • However, these increased levels returned to baseline after 90 days of training, suggesting that regular physical exercise mitigates the negative effects of acute exertion on hematological and clotting parameters. This effect is thought to be due to the conditioning derived from training.

Cite This Article

APA
Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Mezzasoma AM, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Gresele P, Antognoni MT. (2021). Effect of First Long-Term Training on Whole Blood Count and Blood Clotting Parameters in Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel), 11(2), 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020447

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
PII: 447

Researcher Affiliations

Miglio, Arianna
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Falcinelli, Emanuela
  • Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Mezzasoma, Anna Maria
  • Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Cappelli, Katia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Mecocci, Samanta
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Gresele, Paolo
  • Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
Antognoni, Maria Teresa
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

None of the authors have any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

References

This article includes 64 references
  1. Soroko M, Śpitalniak-Bajerska K, Zaborski D, Poźniak B, Dudek K, Janczarek I. Exercise-induced changes in skin temperature and blood parameters in horses.. Arch Anim Breed 2019;62(1):205-213.
    doi: 10.5194/aab-62-205-2019pmc: PMC6852865pubmed: 31807631google scholar: lookup
  2. Piccione G, Casella S, Giannetto C, Messina V, Monteverde V, Caola G, Guttadauro S. Haematological and haematochemical responses to training and competition in standardbred horses.. Comp. Haematol. Int. 2009;19:95–101.
    doi: 10.1007/s00580-009-0902-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  3. Fazio F, Assenza A, Tosto F, Casella S, Piccione G, Caola G. Modifications of some acute phase proteins and the white blood cell count in thoroughbreds during training.. Vet Rec 2010 Sep 4;167(10):370-3.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.c3761pubmed: 20817897google scholar: lookup
  4. Miglio A, Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Mecocci S, Silvestrelli M, Antognoni MT. Metabolic and Biomolecular Changes Induced by Incremental Long-Term Training in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses during First Workout Season.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 18;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020317pmc: PMC7071023pubmed: 32085444google scholar: lookup
  5. Snow DH, Ricketts SW, Mason DK. Haematological response to racing and training exercise in Thoroughbred horses, with particular reference to the leucocyte response.. Equine Vet J 1983 Apr;15(2):149-54.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01742.xpubmed: 6873048google scholar: lookup
  6. Rose RJ, Allen JR. Hematologic responses to exercise and training.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1985 Dec;1(3):461-76.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30745-9pubmed: 3877551google scholar: lookup
  7. Assenza A, Tosto F, Casella S, Fazio F, Giannetto C, Piccione G. Changes in blood coagulation induced by exercise training in young athletic horses.. Res Vet Sci 2013 Dec;95(3):1151-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.005pubmed: 23911053google scholar: lookup
  8. El-Sayed MS, Ali N, El-Sayed Ali Z. Aggregation and activation of blood platelets in exercise and training.. Sports Med 2005;35(1):11-22.
    doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535010-00002pubmed: 15651910google scholar: lookup
  9. Giannetto C, Arfuso F, Fazio F, Giudice E, Pietro SD, Bruschetta D, Piccione G. Different training schedules influence platelet aggregation in show jumping horses.. Pol J Vet Sci 2017 Mar 28;20(1):149-154.
    doi: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0019pubmed: 28525338google scholar: lookup
  10. Piccione G, Bazzano M, Giannetto C, Marafioti S, Fazio F. Training-induced changes in clotting parameters of athletic horses.. J Vet Sci 2014;15(1):45-9.
    doi: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.45pmc: PMC3973765pubmed: 24136203google scholar: lookup
  11. Piccione G, Fazio F, Giudice E, Grasso F, Caola G. Exercise-Induced Changes in the Clotting Times and Fibrinolytic Activity during Official 1600 and 2 000 Meters Trot Races in the Standardbred Horses.. Acta Vet. Brno. 2005;74:509–514.
    doi: 10.2754/avb200574040509google scholar: lookup
  12. Tikhomirova SV, Vikulov AD, Baranov AA, Osetrov IA. [Plasma-coagulation hemostasis in physically active subjects during adaptation to physical exercise].. Fiziol Cheloveka 2007 Nov-Dec;33(6):88-93.
    doi: 10.1134/S0362119707060114pubmed: 18265577google scholar: lookup
  13. Piccione G, Marafioti S, Giannetto C, Panzera M, Fazio F. Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Omega 3 on Clotting Time, Fibrinogen Concentration and Platelet Aggregation in the Athletic Horse.. Livest. Sci. 2014;161:109–113.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.12.032google scholar: lookup
  14. Giordano A, Meazza C, Salvadori M, Paltrinieri S. Thromboelastometric profiles of horses affected by exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhages.. Vet Med Int 2010 Sep 30;2010.
    doi: 10.4061/2010/945789pmc: PMC2952972pubmed: 20953331google scholar: lookup
  15. McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, Kociba GJ, Reed SM, Muir WW 3rd. Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses during exercise.. Am J Vet Res 1990 Sep;51(9):1335-9.
    pubmed: 2396779
  16. Monreal L, Angles AM, Espada Y, Monasterio J, Monreal M. Changes in haemostasis in endurance horses: Detection by highly sensitive ELISA-tests.. Equine Veter. J. 2010;27:120–123.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04903.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  17. Casella S, Giannetto C, Fazio F, Assenza A, Piccione G. Nictemeral Profile of Platelet Aggregation and Clotting Parameters in Horses during Training.. Bull Vet. Inst. Pulawy. 2009;53:801–806.
  18. Kingston JK, Sampson SN, Beard LA, Meyers KM, Sellon DC, Bayly WM. The effect of supramaximal exercise on equine platelet function.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):181-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05214.xpubmed: 10659248google scholar: lookup
  19. Piccione G, Assenza A, Casella S, Giannetto C, Tosto F, Caola G. Modifications of Platelet Aggregation during Treadmill Section and Obstacle Course in Athletic Horse.. Acta Veter. 2010;60:165–172.
    doi: 10.2298/AVB1003165Pgoogle scholar: lookup
  20. Piccione G, Grasso F, Fazio F, Giudice E. The effect of physical exercise on the daily rhythm of platelet aggregation and body temperature in horses.. Vet J 2008 May;176(2):216-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.026pubmed: 17408996google scholar: lookup
  21. Karampour S, Gaeini AA. Response of coagulation and anti-coagulant factors of elite athletes following acute resistance and high-intensity interval training.. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018 Jan-Feb;58(1-2):120-126.
    doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06822-0pubmed: 28474867google scholar: lookup
  22. Zaar M, Herzig MC, Fedyk CG, Montgomery RK, Prat N, Parida BK, Hinojosa-Laborde C, Muniz GW, Shade RE, Bauer C, Delacruz W, Bynum JA, Convertino VA, Cap AP, Pidcoke HF. Similar hemostatic responses to hypovolemia induced by hemorrhage and lower body negative pressure reveal a hyperfibrinolytic subset of non-human primates.. PLoS One 2020;15(6):e0234844.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234844pmc: PMC7314422pubmed: 32579572google scholar: lookup
  23. Wolf MF, Girdhar G, Anderson AA, Ubl SR, Thinamany S, Jeffers HN, DeRusha CE, Rodriguez-Fernandez J, Hoffmann S, Strief CA. In vitro methodology for medical device material thrombogenicity assessments: A use condition and bioanalytical proof-of-concept approach.. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021 Mar;109(3):358-376.
    doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.34705pmc: PMC7821245pubmed: 32929881google scholar: lookup
  24. Lundberg JO, Carlström M, Weitzberg E. Metabolic Effects of Dietary Nitrate in Health and Disease.. Cell Metab 2018 Jul 3;28(1):9-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.007pubmed: 29972800google scholar: lookup
  25. Rimpo K, Tanaka A, Ukai M, Ishikawa Y, Hirabayashi M, Shoyama T. Thrombin-antithrombin complex measurement using a point-of-care testing device for diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs.. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0205511.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205511pmc: PMC6179255pubmed: 30304025google scholar: lookup
  26. Ravanat C, Freund M, Dol F, Cadroy Y, Roussi J, Incardona F, Maffrand JP, Boneu B, Drouet L, Legrand C. Cross-reactivity of human molecular markers for detection of prethrombotic states in various animal species.. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1995 Jul;6(5):446-55.
    doi: 10.1097/00001721-199507000-00012pubmed: 8589212google scholar: lookup
  27. Maruyama H, Watari T, Miura T, Sakai M, Takahashi T, Koie H, Yamaya Y, Asano K, Edamura K, Sato T, Tanaka S, Hasegawa A, Tokuriki M. Plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex concentrations in dogs with malignant tumours.. Vet Rec 2005 Jun 25;156(26):839-40.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.156.26.839pubmed: 15980137google scholar: lookup
  28. Topper MJ, Prasse KW, Morris MJ, Duncan A, Crowe NA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in horses.. Am J Vet Res 1996 Apr;57(4):427-31.
    pubmed: 8712502
  29. Miglio A, Morelli C, Maresca C, Felici A, Di Giambattista A, Antognoni MT. Hematologic Reference Intervals for the Italian Heavy Draft Horse.. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 2019;28:833–840.
    doi: 10.1007/s00580-019-02896-0google scholar: lookup
  30. Miglio A, Moscati L, Scoccia E, Maresca C, Antognoni MT, Felici A. Reference values for serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, lysozyme, zinc and iron in healthy lactating Lacaune sheep.. Acta Vet Scand 2018 Aug 6;60(1):46.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-018-0400-xpmc: PMC6080557pubmed: 30081939google scholar: lookup
  31. Epstein KL. Coagulopathies in horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014 Aug;30(2):437-52, ix.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.04.002pubmed: 25016501google scholar: lookup
  32. Nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models Version 3.1-147 from CRAN. [(accessed on 18 April 2020)]; Available online: https://rdrr.io/cran/nlme/
  33. Revelle W. Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. [(accessed on 18 October 2020)];2020 Available online: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/psych/index.html.
  34. Miglio A, Antognoni MT, Maresca C, Moncada C, Riondato F, Scoccia E, Mangili V. Serum protein concentration and protein fractions in clinically healthy Lacaune and Sarda sheep using agarose gel electrophoresis.. Vet Clin Pathol 2015 Dec;44(4):564-9.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12302pubmed: 26584244google scholar: lookup
  35. THRALL-WEISER-ALLISON-CAMPBELL-Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry-2° Ed.-EV-Editoria Scientifica-Libri Veterinaria. [(accessed on 2 December 2020)]; Available online: https://distribuzione.evsrl.it/ArticleDetail.aspx?lang=it&from=HP&id=4402.
  36. Clinical Examination of Horses by Victor C. Speirs (1997, Hardcover) for Sale Online. [(accessed on 2 December 2020)]; Available online: https://www.ebay.com/p/801086.
  37. Topper MJ, Prasse KW. Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in horses with colic.. Am J Vet Res 1996 Apr;57(4):456-62.
    pubmed: 8712506
  38. Lai SW, Tsai KZ, Lin YP, Liu PY, Lin YK, Chang PY, Dai MS, Chao TY, Han CL, Lin GM. Association of red blood cell size and physical fitness in a military male cohort: The CHIEF study.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021 Feb;31(2):295-302.
    doi: 10.1111/sms.13836pubmed: 32979255google scholar: lookup
  39. Andriichuk A, Tkachenko H. Effect of gender and exercise on haematological and biochemical parameters in Holsteiner horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017 Oct;101(5):e404-e413.
    doi: 10.1111/jpn.12620pubmed: 28066938google scholar: lookup
  40. Hilberg T, Schmidt V, Lösche W, Gabriel HH. Platelet activity and sensitivity to agonists after exhaustive treadmill exercise.. J Sports Sci Med 2003 Mar;2(1):15-22.
    pmc: PMC3937570pubmed: 24616605
  41. Baria MR, Miller MM, Borchers J, Desmond S, Onate J, Magnussen R, Vasileff WK, Flanigan D, Kaeding C, Durgam S. High Intensity Interval Exercise Increases Platelet and Transforming Growth Factor-β Yield in Platelet-Rich Plasma.. PM R 2020 Dec;12(12):1244-1250.
    doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12368pubmed: 32198828google scholar: lookup
  42. Heber S, Volf I. Effects of Physical (In)activity on Platelet Function.. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:165078.
    doi: 10.1155/2015/165078pmc: PMC4628769pubmed: 26557653google scholar: lookup
  43. Cappelli K, Amadori M, Mecocci S, Miglio A, Antognoni MT, Razzuoli E. Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 5;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10101809pmc: PMC7600081pubmed: 33027949google scholar: lookup
  44. Dos Santos CMM, Diniz VLS, Bachi ALL, Dos Santos de Oliveira LC, Ghazal T, Passos MEP, de Oliveira HH, Murata G, Masi LN, Martins AR, Levada-Pires AC, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Sellitti DF, Pithon-Curi TC, Gorjão R. Moderate physical exercise improves lymphocyte function in melanoma-bearing mice on a high-fat diet.. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019;16:63.
    doi: 10.1186/s12986-019-0394-zpmc: PMC6739998pubmed: 31528182google scholar: lookup
  45. Sand KL, Flatebo T, Andersen MB, Maghazachi AA. Effects of exercise on leukocytosis and blood hemostasis in 800 healthy young females and males.. World J Exp Med 2013 Feb 20;3(1):11-20.
    doi: 10.5493/wjem.v3.i1.11pmc: PMC3905589pubmed: 24520541google scholar: lookup
  46. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Pingwara R, Winnicka A. The Effect of Physical Training on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Ex Vivo Proliferation, Differentiation, Activity, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Racehorses.. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020 Nov 20;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9111155pmc: PMC7699811pubmed: 33233549google scholar: lookup
  47. Adamu L, Adzahan NM, Abdullah R, Ahmad B. Effects of Race Distance on Physical, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Endurance Horses.. Am. J. Anim. Veter. Sci. 2010;5:244–248.
    doi: 10.3844/ajavsp.2010.244.248google scholar: lookup
  48. Todoroki N, Watanabe Y, Akaike T, Katagiri Y, Tanoue K, Yamazaki H, Tsuji T, Toyoshima S, Osawa T. Enhancement by IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma of platelet activation: adhesion to leukocytes via GMP-140/PADGEM protein (CD62).. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991 Sep 16;179(2):756-61.
    doi: 10.1016/0006-291X(91)91881-Cpubmed: 1716887google scholar: lookup
  49. Pitchford SC, Yano H, Lever R, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Ciferri S, Rose MJ, Giannini S, Momi S, Spina D, O'connor B, Gresele P, Page CP. Platelets are essential for leukocyte recruitment in allergic inflammation.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 Jul;112(1):109-18.
    doi: 10.1067/mai.2003.1514pubmed: 12847487google scholar: lookup
  50. Ulfman LH, Joosten DP, van Aalst CW, Lammers JW, van de Graaf EA, Koenderman L, Zwaginga JJ. Platelets promote eosinophil adhesion of patients with asthma to endothelium under flow conditions.. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003 Apr;28(4):512-9.
    doi: 10.1165/rcmb.4806pubmed: 12654641google scholar: lookup
  51. Wang JS, Lin HY, Cheng ML, Wong MK. Chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates eosinophil- and neutrophil-platelet aggregation and inflammatory cytokine secretion caused by strenuous exercise in men.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007 Jul;103(1):305-14.
    doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00226.2007pubmed: 17463301google scholar: lookup
  52. Petito E, Falcinelli E, Paliani U, Cesari E, Vaudo G, Sebastiano M, Cerotto V, Guglielmini G, Gori F, Malvestiti M, Becattini C, Paciullo F, De Robertis E, Bury L, Lazzarini T, Gresele P. Association of Neutrophil Activation, More Than Platelet Activation, With Thrombotic Complications in Coronavirus Disease 2019.. J Infect Dis 2021 Mar 29;223(6):933-944.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa756pmc: PMC7798977pubmed: 33280009google scholar: lookup
  53. Riegger J, Byrne RA, Joner M, Chandraratne S, Gershlick AH, Ten Berg JM, Adriaenssens T, Guagliumi G, Godschalk TC, Neumann FJ, Trenk D, Feldman LJ, Steg PG, Desmet W, Alfonso F, Goodall AH, Wojdyla R, Dudek D, Philippi V, Opinaldo S, Titova A, Malik N, Cotton J, Jhagroe DA, Heestermans AA, Sinnaeve P, Vermeersch P, Valina C, Schulz C, Kastrati A, Massberg S. Histopathological evaluation of thrombus in patients presenting with stent thrombosis. A multicenter European study: a report of the prevention of late stent thrombosis by an interdisciplinary global European effort consortium.. Eur Heart J 2016 May 14;37(19):1538-49.
    doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv419pmc: PMC4872283pubmed: 26761950google scholar: lookup
  54. Moosbauer C, Morgenstern E, Cuvelier SL, Manukyan D, Bidzhekov K, Albrecht S, Lohse P, Patel KD, Engelmann B. Eosinophils are a major intravascular location for tissue factor storage and exposure.. Blood 2007 Feb 1;109(3):995-1002.
    doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-02-004945pubmed: 17003379google scholar: lookup
  55. McCarty OJ, Tien N, Bochner BS, Konstantopoulos K. Exogenous eosinophil activation converts PSGL-1-dependent binding to CD18-dependent stable adhesion to platelets in shear flow.. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003 May;284(5):C1223-34.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00403.2002pubmed: 12529243google scholar: lookup
  56. Todd S, Hemmaway C, Nagy Z. Catastrophic thrombosis in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.. Br J Haematol 2014 May;165(4):425.
    doi: 10.1111/bjh.12729pubmed: 24456103google scholar: lookup
  57. Fairbairn SM, Marr KA, Lees P, Cunningham FM, Page CP. Effects of platelet activating factor on the distribution of radiolabelled leucocytes and platelets in normal horses and asymptomatic horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.. Res Vet Sci 1996 Sep;61(2):107-13.
    doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90083-1pubmed: 8880978google scholar: lookup
  58. Pitchford SC, Momi S, Giannini S, Casali L, Spina D, Page CP, Gresele P. Platelet P-selectin is required for pulmonary eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment in a murine model of allergic inflammation.. Blood 2005 Mar 1;105(5):2074-81.
    doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2282pubmed: 15528309google scholar: lookup
  59. Pitchford SC, Riffo-Vasquez Y, Sousa A, Momi S, Gresele P, Spina D, Page CP. Platelets are necessary for airway wall remodeling in a murine model of chronic allergic inflammation.. Blood 2004 Jan 15;103(2):639-47.
    doi: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1707pubmed: 14504080google scholar: lookup
  60. Boisclair MD, Ireland H, Lane DA. Assessment of hypercoagulable states by measurement of activation fragments and peptides.. Blood Rev 1990 Mar;4(1):25-40.
    doi: 10.1016/0268-960X(90)90014-Jpubmed: 2182146google scholar: lookup
  61. Herren T, Bärtsch P, Haeberli A, Straub PW. Increased thrombin-antithrombin III complexes after 1 h of physical exercise.. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1992 Dec;73(6):2499-504.
    doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.6.2499pubmed: 1490963google scholar: lookup
  62. Bärtsch P, Haeberli A, Straub PW. Blood coagulation after long distance running: antithrombin III prevents fibrin formation.. Thromb Haemost 1990 Jun 28;63(3):430-4.
    doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1645060pubmed: 2402746google scholar: lookup
  63. Miglio A, Antognoni MT, Miniscalco B, Caivano D, Lepri E, Birettoni F, Mangili V. Acute undifferentiated leukaemia in a dog.. Aust Vet J 2014 Dec;92(12):499-503.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.12273pubmed: 25424765google scholar: lookup
  64. Weiss DJ, Monreal L, Angles AM, Monasterio J. Evaluation of thrombin-antithrombin complexes and fibrin fragment D in carbohydrate-induced acute laminitis.. Res Vet Sci 1996 Sep;61(2):157-9.
    doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90092-2pubmed: 8880987google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 13 times.
  1. Miglio A, Maslanka M, Di Tommaso M, Rocconi F, Nemkov T, Buehler PW, Antognoni MT, Spitalnik SL, D'Alessandro A. ZOOMICS : comparative metabolomics of red blood cells from dogs, cows, horses and donkeys during refrigerated storage for up to 42 days. Blood Transfus 2023 Jul;21(4):314-326.
    doi: 10.2450/2022.0118-22pubmed: 35969134google scholar: lookup
  2. Zandoná Meleiro MC, de Carvalho HJC, Ribeiro RR, da Silva MD, Salles Gomes CM, Miglino MA, de Santis Prada IL. Immune Functions Alterations Due to Racing Stress in Thoroughbred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 7;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091203pubmed: 35565629google scholar: lookup
  3. D'Agostino A, Di Palma T, Cecchini Gualandi S, Boni R. Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Diagnosis of Endometritis in the Mare. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 29;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091157pubmed: 35565583google scholar: lookup
  4. Maśko M, Domino M, Jasiński T, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. The Physical Activity-Dependent Hematological and Biochemical Changes in School Horses in Comparison to Blood Profiles in Endurance and Race Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 14;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11041128pubmed: 33920044google scholar: lookup
  5. Reemtsma FP, Giers J, Horstmann S, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H. Evaluation of Concentration Changes in Plasma Amino Acids and Their Metabolites in Eventing Horses During Cross-Country Competitions as Potential Performance Predictors. Animals (Basel) 2025 Dec 17;15(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15243640pubmed: 41463924google scholar: lookup
  6. Al-Khaldi KO, Al-Ruzaiqi KH, Babji AS, Lim SJ, Sadiq MB, Yimer N. Safety and efficacy of oral edible bird's nest supplementation: Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory benefits for Arabian race stallions during exercise. Vet World 2025 Jan;18(1):178-188.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2025.178-188pubmed: 40041508google scholar: lookup
  7. Piccione G, Arfuso F, Giudice E, Aragona F, Pugliatti P, Panzera MF, Zumbo A, Monteverde V, Bartolo V, Barbera A, Giannetto C. Dynamic Adaptation of Hematological Parameters, Albumin, and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Saddlebred and Standardbred Horses During Exercise. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 21;15(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15030300pubmed: 39943070google scholar: lookup
  8. Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Mezzasoma AM, Busechian S, Rueca F, Gresele P, Antognoni MT. Biomarkers of in vivo platelet activation in thoroughbreds during their first long-term training. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1395423.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1395423pubmed: 38831955google scholar: lookup
  9. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes?. Int J Mol Sci 2024 May 10;25(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms25105210pubmed: 38791248google scholar: lookup
  10. Salehpoor Z, Rezapourmoghadam M, Tanideh N, Jahromi MK. The effect of pentoxifylline and different types of exercise training on coagulation factors in a rat endometriosis model. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2024 Mar;21:100292.
    doi: 10.1016/j.eurox.2024.100292pubmed: 38419652google scholar: lookup
  11. Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Mezzasoma AM, Antognoni MT, Gresele P. Effect of Regular Training on Platelet Function in Untrained Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 27;14(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14030414pubmed: 38338057google scholar: lookup
  12. Reißmann M, Rajavel A, Kokov ZA, Schmitt AO. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes after Endurance Runs in Karbadian Horses to Determine Candidates for Stress Indicators and Performance Capability. Genes (Basel) 2023 Oct 24;14(11).
    doi: 10.3390/genes14111982pubmed: 38002925google scholar: lookup
  13. Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Porceddu A, Albertini E, Giontella A, Miglio A, Silvestrelli M, Verini Supplizi A, Marconi G, Capomaccio S. Genome-wide epigenetic modifications in sports horses during training as an adaptation phenomenon. Sci Rep 2023 Nov 1;13(1):18786.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46043-wpubmed: 37914824google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.