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Research in veterinary science2020; 129; 90-95; doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.006

Effect of food contamination and collection material in the measurement of biomarkers in saliva of horses.

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the effect of the presence of food and the material used in a panel of biomarkers in saliva of horses. For the food effect study, clean saliva was incubated with a known amount of food consisting of oats, hay or grass. Significant changes were observed when saliva was incubated with oats for total protein (P = .050) and phosphorus (P = .008), with grass for total protein (P = .037), salivary alpha-amylase (sAA, P = .018), total esterase (TEA, P = .018), butyrilcholinesterase (BChE, P = .037), adenosine deaminase (ADA, P = .037), and total bilirubin (P = .018), and with hay for sAA (P = .018), phosphorus (P = .037), γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT, P = .004), and creatine kinase (CK, P = .016). For the material-based collection study, saliva using a sponge and a cotton role at the same time were collected and compared. Lower values were obtained in clean saliva collected with cotton role compared to sponge for sAA (P = .030), TEA (P = .034), BChE (P = .003), gGT (P = .002) and cortisol (P < .001) In conclusion, the presence of food and the material used for its collection, can influence the results obtained when analytes are measured in saliva of horses.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2020-01-08 PubMed ID: 31954319DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.006Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates how saliva collection methods and food contamination can influence biomarker measurements in horse saliva.

Overview of the Study

  • The research aimed to understand the impact of both food contamination and the nature of the collection materials on biomarker measurements in horse saliva.
  • Specifically, the effect of food was tested by incubating saliva with known quantities of oats, hay, and grass.
  • Moreover, the biomarkers measured include total protein, phosphorus, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), total esterase (TEA), butyrilcholinesterase (BChE), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and total bilirubin.
  • The influence of the material used to collect the samples was evaluated by comparing biomarker levels in saliva collected through cotton rolls and sponges.

Findings on the Impact of Food Contamination

  • The saliva samples showed significant variations when incubated with different types of food.
  • When saliva was incubated with oats, discernible changes were observed in total protein and phosphorus levels.
  • Incubation with grass significantly impacted the levels of total protein, sAA, TEA, BChE, ADA, and total bilirubin.
  • Similarly, exposure to hay significantly affected levels of sAA, phosphorus, γ-glutamyl transferase (gGT), and creatine kinase (CK).

Effects of Saliva Collection Materials

  • Saliva samples collected using cotton rolls displayed lower levels of biomarkers compared to those gathered using a sponge.
  • The affected biomarkers included sAA, TEA, BChE, gGT, and cortisol.

Conclusion

  • The researchers concluded that both the presence of certain food items and the material used for saliva collection can significantly affect biomarker measurements in horse saliva.
  • These factors, therefore, need to be controlled or accounted for when conducting research involving horse saliva samples.

Cite This Article

APA
Contreras-Aguilar MD, Hevia ML, Escribano D, Lamy E, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. (2020). Effect of food contamination and collection material in the measurement of biomarkers in saliva of horses. Res Vet Sci, 129, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.006

Publication

Research in veterinary science
ISSN: 1532-2661
NlmUniqueID: 0401300
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 129
Pages: 90-95
PII: S0034-5288(19)31281-0

Researcher Affiliations

Contreras-Aguilar, María Dolores
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Hevia, María Luisa
  • Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Escribano, Damián
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
Lamy, Elsa
  • MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, IIFA - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94 7006-554, Portugal.
Tecles, Fernando
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
Cerón, Jose J
  • Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: jjceron@um.es.

MeSH Terms

  • Adenosine Deaminase / chemistry
  • Adenosine Deaminase / metabolism
  • Animal Feed / analysis
  • Animals
  • Bilirubin / chemistry
  • Bilirubin / metabolism
  • Biomarkers / chemistry
  • Biomarkers / metabolism
  • Carboxylesterase / chemistry
  • Carboxylesterase / metabolism
  • Cholinesterases / chemistry
  • Cholinesterases / metabolism
  • Diet / veterinary
  • Dietary Proteins / chemistry
  • Dietary Proteins / metabolism
  • Female
  • Food Contamination
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Hydrocortisone
  • Male
  • Phosphorus / chemistry
  • Phosphorus / metabolism
  • Saliva / chemistry
  • alpha-Amylases / chemistry
  • alpha-Amylases / metabolism

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declaration of Competing Interest None of the authors has any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

Citations

This article has been cited 17 times.
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    doi: 10.3390/ani13081367pubmed: 37106929google scholar: lookup
  2. Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Muñoz-Prieto A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Trace Elements and Ferritin in Pig Saliva: Variations during Fattening, Time of Sampling, Effect of Dirtiness and Stability under Different Storage Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023 Mar 5;12(3).
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  4. Olvera-Maneu S, Carbajal A, Serres-Corral P, López-Béjar M. Cortisol Variations to Estimate the Physiological Stress Response in Horses at a Traditional Equestrian Event. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 24;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13030396pubmed: 36766285google scholar: lookup
  5. Muñoz-Prieto A, Cerón JJ, Rubio CP, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Pardo-Marín L, Ayala-de la Peña I, Martín-Cuervo M, Holm Henriksen IM, Arense-Gonzalo JJ, Tecles F, Hansen S. Evaluation of a Comprehensive Profile of Salivary Analytes for the Diagnosis of the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 23;12(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12233261pubmed: 36496782google scholar: lookup
  6. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Lamy E, Cerón JJ, Rubio CP. Changes in salivary analytes in cows due to the in vitro presence of feed. BMC Vet Res 2022 Jul 14;18(1):275.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03371-9pubmed: 35836175google scholar: lookup
  7. Muñoz-Prieto A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Martin-Cuervo M, Gonzalez-Sanchez JC, Jacobsen S, Kuleš J, Beletić A, Rubić I, Mrljak V, Tecles F, Hansen S. Changes in Proteins in Saliva and Serum in Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome Using a Proteomic Approach. Animals (Basel) 2022 May 2;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12091169pubmed: 35565595google scholar: lookup
  8. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, González-Arostegui LG, Martín-Cuervo M, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Henriksen IH, Jacobsen S, Hansen S. Changes in Oxidative Status Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum in the Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome and Colic of Intestinal Aetiology: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 7;12(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12050667pubmed: 35268236google scholar: lookup
  9. Hambrecht S, Oerke AK, Heistermann M, Hartig J, Dierkes PW. Effects of Positive Reinforcement Training and Novel Object Exposure on Salivary Cortisol Levels under Consideration of Individual Variation in Captive African Elephants (Loxodonta africana). Animals (Basel) 2021 Dec 10;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11123525pubmed: 34944300google scholar: lookup
  10. de Mira MC, Lamy E, Santos R, Williams J, Pinto MV, Martins PS, Rodrigues P, Marlin D. Salivary cortisol and eye temperature changes during endurance competitions. BMC Vet Res 2021 Oct 14;17(1):329.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02985-9pubmed: 34649565google scholar: lookup
  11. Contreras-Aguilar MD, Lamy E, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Quiles AJ, Hevia ML. Changes in Salivary Analytes of Horses Due to Circadian Rhythm and Season: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020 Aug 24;10(9).
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  12. Rubio CP, Rigueira L, Miranda M, Vallejo PJ, Semitiel J, Del Olmo D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Silva FG, Lamy E, De la Fe C, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Validation of the Measurement of Beta-Hydroxybutyrate and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Bovine Saliva: A Pilot Report. Life (Basel) 2025 May 26;15(6).
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  13. Bazzano M, Marchegiani A, La Gualana F, Petriti B, Petrucelli M, Accorroni L, Laus F. Competition and stereotypic behavior in Thoroughbred horses: The value of saliva as a diagnostic marker of stress. PLoS One 2024;19(10):e0311697.
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  14. Prims S, Van Ginneken C, Van Ostade X, Casteleyn C. Welfare Assessment in Pigs Using the Salivary Proteome. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jun 5;14(11).
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  15. Bazzano M, Marchegiani A, La Gualana F, Petriti B, Spaterna A, Laus F. Salivary analysis to unveil the paradigma of stress of domestic horses reared in the wild. Sci Rep 2024 May 17;14(1):11266.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62172-2pubmed: 38760454google scholar: lookup
  16. Villalba-Orero M, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, Fuentes-Romero B, Valero-González M, Martín-Cuervo M. Association between Eosinophil Count and Cortisol Concentrations in Equids Admitted in the Emergency Unit with Abdominal Pain. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 4;14(1).
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  17. Athanasiou LV, Katsogiannou EG, Tyrnenopoulou P, Gougoulis D, Apostolidis KN, Papadakis SM, Kokkinaki KCG, Papatsiros VG, Tsokana CN. Evidence of Horse Exposure to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Leishmania infantum in Greece through the Detection of IgG Antibodies in Serum and in an Alternative Diagnostic Sample-The Saliva. Biomolecules 2023 Sep 11;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/biom13091374pubmed: 37759774google scholar: lookup
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