Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion.
Abstract: To test the hypothesis that inflammatory responses to endotoxemia differ between healthy horses and horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Animals-6 healthy horses and 6 horses with EMS. Methods: Each horse randomly received an IV infusion of lipopolysaccharide (20 ng/kg [in 60 mL of sterile saline {0.9% NaCl} solution]) or saline solution, followed by the other treatment after a 7-day washout period. Baseline data were obtained 30 minutes before each infusion. After infusion, a physical examination was performed hourly for 9 hours and at 15 and 21 hours; a whole blood sample was collected at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes for assessment of inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Liver biopsy was performed between 240 and 360 minutes after infusion. Results-Following lipopolysaccharide infusion in healthy horses and horses with EMS, mean rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate increased, compared with baseline findings, as did whole blood gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The magnitude of blood cytokine responses did not differ between groups, but increased expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α persisted for longer periods in EMS-affected horses. Lipopolysaccharide infusion increased liver tissue gene expressions of IL-6 in healthy horses and IL-8 in both healthy and EMS-affected horses, but these gene expressions did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Results supported the hypothesis that EMS affects horses' inflammatory responses to endotoxin by prolonging cytokine expression in circulating leukocytes. These findings are relevant to the association between obesity and laminitis in horses with EMS.
Publication Date: 2013-06-28 PubMed ID: 23802673DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.7.1010Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research paper investigates whether the inflammatory responses to toxins in the blood vary between healthy horses and horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). The researchers found that EMS-influenced horses have a prolonged expression of certain inflammation-triggering proteins within their white blood cells.
Study Methodology
- The study comprised 12 horses in total, with half being healthy and the remaining having EMS.
- Each horse received an infusion of lipopolysaccharide, a component of bacteria known to trigger an inflammatory response, or saline solution.
- After a 7-day period to allow the initial treatment to clear from the system, each horse received the other treatment they had not yet had.
- Data was collected before, during, and after the infusions. This data included physical examination results and whole blood samples to assess inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
- The examination results utilized in the study were heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature.
Study Findings
- The infusion of lipopolysaccharide resulted in increased inflammatory cytokine gene expression, rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate in both EMS-affected and healthy horses when compared to baseline measurements.
- While the magnitude of the inflammatory response did not differ between the groups, the duration of the expression of inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α, was longer in horses with EMS.
- The study also discovered that lipopolysaccharide infusion increased the gene expression of IL-6 in liver tissue of healthy horses and IL-8 in both groups of horses. However, there was no significant difference in liver tissue gene expression between the two groups.
Study Conclusions
- The study concluded that EMS does influence the inflammatory response in horses, prolonging the expression of cytokines- proteins that signal for inflammation.
- This increased duration of cytokine expression may explain why horses with EMS are more prone to inflammation-related conditions such as laminitis (inflammation of the tissues within the horse’s hoof).
Cite This Article
APA
Tadros EM, Frank N, Donnell RL.
(2013).
Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion.
Am J Vet Res, 74(7), 1010-1019.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.7.1010 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Body Temperature
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation / drug effects
- Heart Rate
- Horse Diseases / metabolism
- Horses
- Inflammation / chemically induced
- Inflammation / metabolism
- Inflammation / veterinary
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interleukin-10 / genetics
- Interleukin-10 / metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides / administration & dosage
- Lipopolysaccharides / toxicity
- Liver / drug effects
- Liver / metabolism
- Male
- Metabolic Syndrome / metabolism
- Respiration
- Time Factors
Citations
This article has been cited 8 times.- Hallman I, Karikoski N, Kareskoski M. The effects of obesity and insulin dysregulation on mare reproduction, pregnancy, and foal health: a review.. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1180622.
- Mendoza Garcia FJ, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Buzon-Cuevas A, Perez-Ecija A. Meloxicam ameliorates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia in adult donkeys.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Jul;34(4):1631-1641.
- Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Starzonek J, Gittel C, Brehm W, Blüher M, Pfeffer M, Vervuert I. The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge.. Acta Vet Scand 2020 Apr 22;62(1):17.
- Bourebaba L, Bedjou F, Röcken M, Marycz K. Nortropane alkaloids as pharmacological chaperones in the rescue of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells affected by metabolic syndrome through mitochondrial potentiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress mitigation and insulin resistance alleviation.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019 Jun 18;10(1):178.
- Marycz K, Kornicka K, Szlapka-Kosarzewska J, Weiss C. Excessive Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Correlates with Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics, Mitophagy and Apoptosis, in Liver and Adipose Tissue, but Not in Muscles in EMS Horses.. Int J Mol Sci 2018 Jan 6;19(1).
- Banse HE, Holbrook TC, Frank N, McFarlane D. Relationship of skeletal muscle inflammation with obesity and obesity-associated hyperinsulinemia in horses.. Can J Vet Res 2016 Jul;80(3):217-24.
- Vinther AM, Heegaard PM, Skovgaard K, Buhl R, Andreassen SM, Andersen PH. Characterization and differentiation of equine experimental local and early systemic inflammation by expression responses of inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood leukocytes.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Jun 1;12:83.
- Vinther AM, Skovgaard K, Heegaard PM, Andersen PH. Dynamic expression of leukocyte innate immune genes in whole blood from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute systemic inflammation.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jun 16;11:134.
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