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Annals of biomedical engineering2022; 50(1); 86-93; doi: 10.1007/s10439-021-02883-z

Effects of Internal Fluid Pressure on Stresses in Subchondral Bone Cysts of the Medial Femoral Condyle.

Abstract: The etiology of subchondral bone cysts (SBCs) is not fully understood. Mechanical trauma and fluid pressure are two mechanisms believed to cause their formation and growth. The equine stifle joint provides a natural animal model for studying SBCs. Computed tomography images of an extended yearling cadaveric stifle joint were segmented using ScanIP to isolate bones and relevant soft tissues. Three model geometries were created to simulate cyst sizes of approximately 0.03 cm (C1), 0.5 cm (C2), and 1 cm (C3). A uniform pressure resulting in 3000 N force was applied at the proximal end of the femur. Two types of simulations, filled-cyst and empty-cysts with uniform pressure loads, were used to simulate fluid pressurization. Our models suggest that shear stresses are likely the cause of failure for the subchondral bone and not pressurized fluid from the joint. Bone stresses did not begin to increase until cyst pressures were greater than 3 MPa. For all cyst sizes, fluid pressure must rise above what is likely to occur in vivo in order to increase bone shear stress, shown to be most critical. Synovial fluid pressure acts upon a porous trabecular bone network, soft tissue, and marrow, so the continuum nature of our model likely overestimates the predicted effects of fluid pressures.
© 2021. Biomedical Engineering Society.
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Publication Date: 2022-01-07 PubMed ID: 34993698DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02883-zGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores the causes behind the formation and growth of subchondral bone cysts (SBCs), focusing on mechanical trauma and fluid pressure. Using an equine stifle joint as a natural animal model, the researchers simulated various cyst sizes and applied uniform pressure loads. The results suggest that shear stresses, rather than pressurized fluid, are the probable cause of subchondral bone failure.

Methodology

  • The researchers used computed tomography images of a yearling cadaver stifle joint to isolate bones and relevant soft tissues with a software tool called ScanIP.
  • Using this data, they created three model geometries to simulate cyst sizes of approximately 0.03 cm (C1), 0.5 cm (C2), and 1 cm (C3).
  • A force of 3000 N was applied at the proximal end of the femur in a uniform pressure, and two simulation types (filled-cyst and empty-cyst) were used to mimic fluid pressurization in the cysts.

Findings

  • The results revealed that shear stresses, not pressurized joint fluid, are likely responsible for subchondral bone failure.
  • Bone stress did not begin to rise until the pressure inside the cysts exceeded 3 MPa.
  • For all cyst sizes, fluid pressure must surpass what occurs in a living organism in order to increase the shear stress on the bone, which was shown to be most critical.

Implications

  • These findings indicated that subchondral bone cyst development may be more closely linked to mechanical factors than previously thought. This enhances understanding of the causes and growth of SBCs.
  • Given that synovial fluid pressure impacts a porous trabecular bone network, soft tissue, and marrow, the researchers speculated that the continuum model they used likely overestimates the predicted effects of fluid pressures. This points toward potential refinements for modeling and simulation in future studies.

Cite This Article

APA
Norton NM, Santschi E, Fischer KJ. (2022). Effects of Internal Fluid Pressure on Stresses in Subchondral Bone Cysts of the Medial Femoral Condyle. Ann Biomed Eng, 50(1), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-021-02883-z

Publication

Annals of biomedical engineering
ISSN: 1573-9686
NlmUniqueID: 0361512
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 50
Issue: 1
Pages: 86-93

Researcher Affiliations

Norton, Nolan M
  • Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, Room 1132, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
Santschi, Elizabeth
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
Fischer, Kenneth J
  • Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St, Room 1132, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA. fischer@ku.edu.
  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. fischer@ku.edu.
  • Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. fischer@ku.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bone Cysts / diagnostic imaging
  • Bone Cysts / veterinary
  • Epiphyses
  • Femur / diagnostic imaging
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Stifle
  • Stress, Mechanical

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