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Journal of virology1992; 66(6); 3398-3408; doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.6.3398-3408.1992

Efficacy of inactivated whole-virus and subunit vaccines in preventing infection and disease caused by equine infectious anemia virus.

Abstract: We report here on a series of vaccine trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an inactivated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) whole-virus vaccine and of a subunit vaccine enriched in EIAV envelope glycoproteins. The inactivated vaccine protected 14 of 15 immunized ponies from infection after challenge with at least 10(5) 50% tissue culture-infective doses of the homologous prototype strain of EIAV. In contrast, it failed to prevent infection in any of 15 immunized ponies that were challenged with the heterologous PV strain. Levels of PV virus replication and the development of disease, however, were significantly reduced in 12 of the 15 ponies so challenged. The subunit vaccine prevented infection from homologous challenge in four of four ponies tested but failed to prevent infection in all four challenged with the PV strain. Two of the four subunit vaccinates had more severe symptoms of equine infectious anemia than nonimmunized ponies infected in parallel. Both vaccines stimulated EIAV-specific cell-mediated immunity. The in vitro lymphoproliferative response was shown to be mediated by T lymphocytes and appeared to be indistinguishable from that induced by EIAV infection. Significant differences were observed in the in vivo lymphocyte responses following challenge with the two virus strains. While peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the inactivated virus vaccinates were equally stimulated by both the prototype and PV strains, the subunit vaccinates challenged with PV exhibited lower levels of spontaneous proliferation and serine esterase activity. This diminished cellular response to PV was correlated with more severe clinical disease in the same ponies. These studies demonstrate for the first time that both an EIAV inactivated whole-virus vaccine and a viral envelope glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine can provide protection against rigorous challenge levels of homologous virus but are unable to protect against similar challenge levels of a heterologous virus. Moreover, the data demonstrate that protection can be achieved in the absence of detectable levels of virus-specific neutralizing antibody in the vaccine recipients at the time of virus challenge. While vaccine-induced virus-specific cell-mediated immune responses were detected, their role in conferring protection was not obvious. Nevertheless, protection from disease appeared to be correlated with the induction of high levels of serine esterase activity following challenge. A significant observation is that while the whole-virus vaccine was usually capable of preventing or markedly moderating disease in the PV-infected ponies, the subunit vaccine appeared to have a high potential to enhance the disease induced by PV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Publication Date: 1992-06-11 PubMed ID: 1316455PubMed Central: PMC241120DOI: 10.1128/JVI.66.6.3398-3408.1992Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Clinical Trial
  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates how effective inactivated and subunit vaccines are at preventing infection and disease caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The findings indicate that while these vaccines can protect against a homologous virus, they fail to protect against a heterologous virus.

Vaccine Trials

  • The study conducted a series of trials to test two vaccines: an inactivated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) whole-virus vaccine and a subunit vaccine, which is enriched in EIAV envelope glycoproteins. The objective was to evaluate their effectiveness in preventing infection and disease caused by EIAV.
  • For the inactivated vaccine, out of the 15 immunized ponies, 14 were protected from the homologous prototype strain of EIAV. Conversely, the same vaccine failed against the heterologous PV strain but was able to reduce its replication and development of the disease in 12 out of the 15 ponies.
  • The subunit vaccine protected against the homologous virus in all four tested ponies but failed against the PV strain. More alarmingly, two out of the four ponies had more severe symptoms than non-immunized ponies.

Immune Responses and Observations

  • Both vaccines were able to stimulate EIAV-specific cell-mediated immunity. In regards to lymph proliferative responses, the study showed that they were mediated by T-lymphocytes, which aligned with those induced by EIAV infection.
  • Significant differences emerged in the immune responses from in vivo lymphocytes in the two virus strains. Ponies vaccinated with the inactivated virus exhibited equal stimulation from both strains. However, those vaccinated with the subunit vaccine exhibited lower levels of spontaneous proliferation and serine esterase activity when infected with the PV strain.
  • These diminished cellular responses aligned with more severe symptoms of the equine infectious anemia, suggesting a correlation. The findings propose that protection against the virus correlated with high levels of serine esterase activity following a challenge.

Conclusion

  • The results suggest that despite each vaccine’s ability to protect against a homologous virus, they fall short in protecting against a heterologous virus. This failure occurred even in the absence of detectable levels of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies at the time of challenge.
  • Overall, while the whole-virus vaccine could usually prevent or significantly reduce disease in PV-infected ponies, the subunit vaccine appeared to potentially enhance the disease provoked by PV infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Issel CJ, Horohov DW, Lea DF, Adams WV, Hagius SD, McManus JM, Allison AC, Montelaro RC. (1992). Efficacy of inactivated whole-virus and subunit vaccines in preventing infection and disease caused by equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol, 66(6), 3398-3408. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.66.6.3398-3408.1992

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 0022-538X
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 66
Issue: 6
Pages: 3398-3408

Researcher Affiliations

Issel, C J
  • Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge.
Horohov, D W
    Lea, D F
      Adams, W V
        Hagius, S D
          McManus, J M
            Allison, A C
              Montelaro, R C

                MeSH Terms

                • Animals
                • Antibody Formation
                • Cells, Cultured
                • Equine Infectious Anemia / immunology
                • Equine Infectious Anemia / prevention & control
                • Horses / immunology
                • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
                • Lymphocyte Activation
                • Vaccines / administration & dosage
                • Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology
                • Viral Vaccines / therapeutic use
                • Virion / immunology
                • Virus Replication

                Grant Funding

                • AI25850 / NIAID NIH HHS

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