FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in microbiology2019; 10; 2668; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of horses and a major threat to the equine industry throughout most of the world. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory disease but viral spread to distant organs enables the development of more severe sequelae; abortion and neurologic disease. The virus can also undergo latency during which viral genes are minimally expressed, and reactivate to produce lytic infection at any time. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing numbers of outbreaks of a devastating form of EHV-1, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. This review presents detailed information on EHV-1, from the discovery of the virus to latest developments on treatment and control of the diseases it causes. We also provide updates on recent EHV-1 research with particular emphasis on viral biology which enables pathogenesis in the natural host. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and formulating policies that would help limit the spread of EHV-1 within horse populations.
Copyright © 2019 Oladunni, Horohov and Chambers.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-12-03 PubMed ID: 31849857PubMed Central: PMC6901505DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article focuses on Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), a harmful and prevalent virus in horses that causes respiratory issues along with potential abortions and neurologic ailments. The article reviews recent developments in controlling and treating diseases caused by EHV-1 and aims to aid in the formulation of policies to limit its spread.

Overview of EHV-1

  • The article begins with an overview of Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), stating its significant impact on the horse industry across the world. Describing it as one of the most prevalent viral pathogens of horses, it points out the primary symptom caused by the virus: respiratory disease. However, it also underscores the virus’s potential to lead to more severe conditions, such as abortion and neurological diseases in horses.

The Latency and Reactivation of EHV-1

  • The virus also exhibits a trait termed ‘latency’, in which the expression of viral genes is minimal. During this latency period, the virus remains dormant, but it can reactivate and reproduce lytic infection at any given time.

Increasing Outbreaks of Equine Herpesviral Myeloencephalopathy

  • The article draws attention to a worrying trend: an increase in outbreaks of a particularly destructive form of EHV-1, known as equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy.

Developments in Treatment and Control of EHV-1

  • The review encapsulates detailed information on EHV-1, starting from its discovery up to the current advancements concerning the treatment and control of the diseases it inflicts.

Latest Research Updates on EHV-1

  • Special attention is brought to the recent research connected to EHV-1, more specifically the study of this virus’s biology that facilitates pathogenesis in the natural host.

Implication for Policy Formulation

  • The information presented in this research aims to feed into the understanding of EHV-1, contributing to the development of policies that can help limit and control the spread of EHV-1 among horse populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. (2019). EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol, 10, 2668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668

Publication

Frontiers in microbiology
ISSN: 1664-302X
NlmUniqueID: 101548977
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Pages: 2668
PII: 2668

Researcher Affiliations

Oladunni, Fatai S
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Horohov, David W
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
Chambers, Thomas M
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.

References

This article includes 279 references
  1. Ackermann M. Pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections.. Vet Microbiol 2006 Mar 31;113(3-4):211-22.
    pubmed: 16332416doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.008google scholar: lookup
  2. Allen GP, Bryans JT. Molecular epizootiology, pathogenesis, and prophylaxis of equine herpesvirus-1 infections.. Prog Vet Microbiol Immunol 1986;2:78-144.
    pubmed: 2856183
  3. Allen G. Respiratory infections by equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4. .
  4. Allen G, Kydd J, Slater J, Smith K. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis, epidemiology and immunological control of equid herpes-1 (EHV-1) abortion. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases, 129–146.
  5. Allen G, Kydd J, Slater J, Smith K. Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections. Infect. Dis. Livest. 2 829–859.
  6. Allen GP, Yeargan MR, Turtinen LW, Bryans JT. A new field strain of equine abortion virus (equine herpesvirus-1) among Kentucky horses.. Am J Vet Res 1985 Jan;46(1):138-40.
    pubmed: 2982294
  7. Allen GP. Development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid diagnosis of neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus-1.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007 Jan;19(1):69-72.
    pubmed: 17459834doi: 10.1177/104063870701900110google scholar: lookup
  8. Allen GP, Yeargan MR. Use of lambda gt11 and monoclonal antibodies to map the genes for the six major glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus 1.. J Virol 1987 Aug;61(8):2454-61.
    pmc: PMC255669pubmed: 3037108doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.8.2454-2461.1987google scholar: lookup
  9. Anderson K, Goodpasture EW. Infection of Newborn Syrian Hamsters with the Virus of Mare Abortion (Dimock and Edwards).. Am J Pathol 1942 Jul;18(4):555-61.
    pmc: PMC2033041pubmed: 19970641
  10. Anonymous. National Economic Impact of the U.S. Horse Industry. Washington, DC: The American Horse Council.
  11. Anonymous. Vaccination for Adult Horses. Available at: https://aaep.org/sites/default/files/Guidelines/AdultVaccinationChart81216.pdfn(accessed August 25, 2019).
  12. APHIS, USDA. Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy: a Potentially Emerging Disease. Riverdale Park, MD: APHIS.
  13. APHIS, USDA. Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy: Mitigation Experiences, Lessons Learned, and Future Needs. Riverdale Park, MD: APHIS.
  14. Azab W, Tsujimura K, Maeda K, Kobayashi K, Mohamed YM, Kato K, Matsumura T, Akashi H. Glycoprotein C of equine herpesvirus 4 plays a role in viral binding to cell surface heparan sulfate.. Virus Res 2010 Jul;151(1):1-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.03.003pubmed: 20236610google scholar: lookup
  15. Baines JD. Herpes simplex virus capsid assembly and DNA packaging: a present and future antiviral drug target.. Trends Microbiol 2011 Dec;19(12):606-13.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.001pubmed: 22000206google scholar: lookup
  16. Baker TS, Newcomb WW, Booy FP, Brown JC, Steven AC. Three-dimensional structures of maturable and abortive capsids of equine herpesvirus 1 from cryoelectron microscopy.. J Virol 1990 Feb;64(2):563-73.
    pmc: PMC249145pubmed: 2153224doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.563-573.1990google scholar: lookup
  17. Ballagi-Pordány A, Klingeborn B, Flensburg J, Belák S. Equine herpesvirus type 1: detection of viral DNA sequences in aborted fetuses with the polymerase chain reaction.. Vet Microbiol 1990 May;22(4):373-81.
    pubmed: 2163562doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90024-pgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Barbić L, Lojkić I, Stevanović V, Bedeković T, Starešina V, Lemo N, Lojkić M, Madić J. Two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs.. Vet Rec 2012 Mar 3;170(9):227.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.100150pubmed: 22262701google scholar: lookup
  19. Batterson W, Furlong D, Roizman B. Molecular genetics of herpes simplex virus. VIII. further characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in release of viral DNA and in other stages of the viral reproductive cycle.. J Virol 1983 Jan;45(1):397-407.
    pmc: PMC256421pubmed: 6296445doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.397-407.1983google scholar: lookup
  20. Baxi MK, Efstathiou S, Lawrence G, Whalley JM, Slater JD, Field HJ. The detection of latency-associated transcripts of equine herpesvirus 1 in ganglionic neurons.. J Gen Virol 1995 Dec;76 ( Pt 12):3113-8.
    pubmed: 8847517doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-12-3113google scholar: lookup
  21. Borchers K, Slater J. A nested PCR for the detection and differentiation of EHV-1 and EHV-4.. J Virol Methods 1993 Dec 31;45(3):331-6.
    pubmed: 8106604doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90117-agoogle scholar: lookup
  22. Bowles DE, Holden VR, Zhao Y, O'Callaghan DJ. The ICP0 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 is an early protein that independently transactivates expression of all classes of viral promoters.. J Virol 1997 Jul;71(7):4904-14.
    pmc: PMC191720pubmed: 9188552doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.4904-4914.1997google scholar: lookup
  23. Bowles DE, Kim SK, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the trans-activation properties of equine herpesvirus 1 EICP0 protein.. J Virol 2000 Feb;74(3):1200-8.
    pmc: PMC111454pubmed: 10627530doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.3.1200-1208.2000google scholar: lookup
  24. Bowzard JB, Visalli RJ, Wilson CB, Loomis JS, Callahan EM, Courtney RJ, Wills JW. Membrane targeting properties of a herpesvirus tegument protein-retrovirus Gag chimera.. J Virol 2000 Sep;74(18):8692-9.
    pmc: PMC116380pubmed: 10954570doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8692-8699.2000google scholar: lookup
  25. Breathnach CC, Yeargan MR, Timoney JF, Allen GP. Detection of equine herpesvirus-specific effector and memory cytotoxic immunity in the equine upper respiratory tract.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):117-25.
    pubmed: 16472871doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.014google scholar: lookup
  26. Brown JC, Newcomb WW. Herpesvirus capsid assembly: insights from structural analysis.. Curr Opin Virol 2011 Aug;1(2):142-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.003pmc: PMC3171831pubmed: 21927635google scholar: lookup
  27. Bryans JT. On immunity to disease caused by equine herpesvirus 1.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1969 Jul 15;155(2):294-300.
    pubmed: 4307796
  28. BRYANS JT, CROWE ME, DOLL ER, MCCOLLUM WH. Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares; its differentiation from the equine abortion (influenza) virus.. Cornell Vet 1957 Jan;47(1):3-41.
    pubmed: 13397177
  29. Bryans J, Swerczek T, Darlington R, Crowe M. Neonatal foal disease associated with perinatal infection by equine herpesvirus I. Equine Med. Surg. 1 20–26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.004pubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  30. Bryans J T, Allen G P. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis. Rev. Sci. Tech. 5 837–847.
  31. Buczynski KA, Kim SK, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the transactivation domain of the equine herpesvirus type 1 immediate-early protein.. Virus Res 1999 Dec 15;65(2):131-40.
    pubmed: 10581386doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00116-1google scholar: lookup
  32. Burch AD, Weller SK. Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase requires the mammalian chaperone hsp90 for proper localization to the nucleus.. J Virol 2005 Aug;79(16):10740-9.
    pmc: PMC1182622pubmed: 16051866doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10740-10749.2005google scholar: lookup
  33. Burgess BA, Tokateloff N, Manning S, Lohmann K, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Morley PS. Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Mar-Apr;26(2):384-92.
    pubmed: 22332764doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00885.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  34. Burrows R, Goodridge D. Studies of persistent and latent equid herpesvirus 1 and herpesvirus 3 infections in the Pirbright pony herd. Latent Herpes Virus Infections in Veterinary Medicine, 307–319.
  35. Callé A, Ugrinova I, Epstein AL, Bouvet P, Diaz JJ, Greco A. Nucleolin is required for an efficient herpes simplex virus type 1 infection.. J Virol 2008 May;82(10):4762-73.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00077-08pmc: PMC2346767pubmed: 18321972google scholar: lookup
  36. Carmichael RJ, Whitfield C, Maxwell LK. Pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir and valganciclovir in the adult horse.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013 Oct;36(5):441-9.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.12029pmc: PMC4264108pubmed: 23301502google scholar: lookup
  37. Carrigan M, Cosgrove P, Kirkland P, Sabine M. An outbreak of Equid herpesvirus abortion in New South Wales.. Equine Vet J 1991 Mar;23(2):108-10.
    pubmed: 1646102doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02732.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  38. Caughman GB, Staczek J, O'Callaghan DJ. Equine herpesvirus type 1 infected cell polypeptides: evidence for immediate early/early/late regulation of viral gene expression.. Virology 1985 Aug;145(1):49-61.
    pubmed: 2990102doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90200-4google scholar: lookup
  39. Chang YE, Van Sant C, Krug PW, Sears AE, Roizman B. The null mutant of the U(L)31 gene of herpes simplex virus 1: construction and phenotype in infected cells.. J Virol 1997 Nov;71(11):8307-15.
    pmc: PMC192289pubmed: 9343183doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.11.8307-8315.1997google scholar: lookup
  40. Chesters PM, Allsop R, Purewal A, Edington N. Detection of latency-associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus 1 in equine leukocytes but not in trigeminal ganglia.. J Virol 1997 May;71(5):3437-43.
    pmc: PMC191489pubmed: 9094614doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.5.3437-3443.1997google scholar: lookup
  41. Chi JHI, Harley CA, Mukhopadhyay A, Wilson DW. The cytoplasmic tail of herpes simplex virus envelope glycoprotein D binds to the tegument protein VP22 and to capsids.. J Gen Virol 2005 Feb;86(Pt 2):253-261.
    pubmed: 15659744doi: 10.1099/vir.0.80444-0google scholar: lookup
  42. Copeland AM, Newcomb WW, Brown JC. Herpes simplex virus replication: roles of viral proteins and nucleoporins in capsid-nucleus attachment.. J Virol 2009 Feb;83(4):1660-8.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01139-08pmc: PMC2643781pubmed: 19073727google scholar: lookup
  43. Coulter LJ, Moss HW, Lang J, McGeoch DJ. A mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 in which the UL13 protein kinase gene is disrupted.. J Gen Virol 1993 Mar;74 ( Pt 3):387-95.
    pubmed: 8383174doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-3-387google scholar: lookup
  44. Crabb B S, Studdert M J. Equine rhinopneumonitis (equine herpesvirus 4) and equine abortion (equine herpesvirus 1). Virus Infections of Equines, 11–37.
  45. Crabb BS, Allen GP, Studdert MJ. Characterization of the major glycoproteins of equine herpesviruses 4 and 1 and asinine herpesvirus 3 using monoclonal antibodies.. J Gen Virol 1991 Sep;72 ( Pt 9):2075-82.
    pubmed: 1716650doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-9-2075google scholar: lookup
  46. Crabb BS, Nagesha HS, Studdert MJ. Identification of equine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein G: a type-specific, secreted glycoprotein.. Virology 1992 Sep;190(1):143-54.
    pubmed: 1529525doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)91200-egoogle scholar: lookup
  47. Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Epitopes of glycoprotein G of equine herpesviruses 4 and 1 located near the C termini elicit type-specific antibody responses in the natural host.. J Virol 1993 Oct;67(10):6332-8.
    pmc: PMC238063pubmed: 7690425doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.6332-6338.1993google scholar: lookup
  48. Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) and 1 (equine abortion virus).. Adv Virus Res 1995;45:153-90.
    pubmed: 7793324doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60060-3google scholar: lookup
  49. Crump CM, Bruun B, Bell S, Pomeranz LE, Minson T, Browne HM. Alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein M causes the relocalization of plasma membrane proteins.. J Gen Virol 2004 Dec;85(Pt 12):3517-3527.
    pubmed: 15557225doi: 10.1099/vir.0.80361-0google scholar: lookup
  50. Davison A, Eberle R, Desrosiers R C, Fleckenstein B, McGeoch D J, Pellet P E. Herpesviridae. Proceeding of the Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 114–127.
  51. Davison A J. Overview of classification. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis.
  52. Davison AJ. Herpesvirus systematics.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jun 16;143(1):52-69.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.014pmc: PMC2995426pubmed: 20346601google scholar: lookup
  53. Davison AJ, Eberle R, Ehlers B, Hayward GS, McGeoch DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E. The order Herpesvirales.. Arch Virol 2009;154(1):171-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0278-4pmc: PMC3552636pubmed: 19066710google scholar: lookup
  54. Del Piero F, Wilkins PA. Pulmonary vasculotropic EHV-1 infection in equids.. Vet Pathol 2001 Jul;38(4):474.
    pubmed: 11467487doi: 10.1354/vp.38-4-474google scholar: lookup
  55. Derbigny WA, Kim SK, Jang HK, O'Callaghan DJ. EHV-1 EICP22 protein sequences that mediate its physical interaction with the immediate-early protein are not sufficient to enhance the trans-activation activity of the IE protein.. Virus Res 2002 Mar 20;84(1-2):1-15.
    pubmed: 11900834doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00377-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  56. Dimock W. The diagnosis of virus abortion in mares. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 96 665–666.
  57. Dimock W, Edwards P. Is there a filterable virus of abortion in mares. Bull. Kentucky Agriculture Experiment Station 333 291–301.
  58. Dimock W W, Bruner D W, Edwards P R. Equine virus abortion. Bull. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station 426 3–20.
  59. Dimock W W, Edwards P R. Infections of Fetuses and Foals. Lexington: Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, 291–339.
  60. Dixon RJ, Hartley WJ, Hutchins DR, Lepherd EE, Feilen C, Jones RF, Love DN, Sabine M, Wells AL. Perinatal foal mortality associated with a herpesvirus.. Aust Vet J 1978 Mar;54(3):103-5.
    pubmed: 210751doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb05512.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  61. DOLL ER, KINTNER JH. A comparative study of the equine abortion and equine influenza viruses.. Cornell Vet 1954 Jul;44(3):355-67.
    pubmed: 13173155
  62. DOLL ER, RICHARDS MG, WALLACE ME. Cultivation of the equine influenza virus in suckling Syrian hamsters. Its similarity to the equine abortion virus.. Cornell Vet 1954 Jan;44(1):133-8.
    pubmed: 13127395
  63. DOLL ER, WALLACE E, RICHARDS MG. Thermal, hematological, and serological responses of weanling horses following inoculation with equine abortion virus: its similarity to equine influenza.. Cornell Vet 1954 Apr;44(2):181-90.
    pubmed: 13150758
  64. DOLL ER, WALLACE ME. Cultivation of equine abortion and equine influenza viruses on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos.. Cornell Vet 1954 Oct;44(4):453-61.
    pubmed: 13200094
  65. DOLL ER, WALLACE ME, BRYANS JT, RICHARDS MG. Complement-fixation antibody response following administration of equine virus abortion vaccine.. Am J Vet Res 1953 Jan;14(50):46-8.
    pubmed: 13031005
  66. Donaldson M T, Sweeney C R. Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 19 864–871.
  67. Dutta SK, Myrup AC. Infectious center assay of intracellular virus and infective virus titer for equine mononuclear cells infected in vivo and in vitro with equine herpesviruses.. Can J Comp Med 1983 Jan;47(1):64-9.
    pmc: PMC1235886pubmed: 6299486
  68. Edington N, Bridges CG, Huckle A. Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids.. Equine Vet J 1985 Sep;17(5):369-72.
    pubmed: 2996879doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02524.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  69. Edington N, Bridges CG, Patel JR. Endothelial cell infection and thrombosis in paralysis caused by equid herpesvirus-1: equine stroke.. Arch Virol 1986;90(1-2):111-24.
    pubmed: 3015074doi: 10.1007/bf01314149google scholar: lookup
  70. Edington N, Smyth B, Griffiths L. The role of endothelial cell infection in the endometrium, placenta and foetus of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortions.. J Comp Pathol 1991 May;104(4):379-87.
    pubmed: 1651960doi: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80148-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  71. Edington N, Welch HM, Griffiths L. The prevalence of latent Equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses.. Equine Vet J 1994 Mar;26(2):140-2.
    pubmed: 8575377doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04353.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  72. Efstathiou S, Preston CM. Towards an understanding of the molecular basis of herpes simplex virus latency.. Virus Res 2005 Aug;111(2):108-19.
    pubmed: 15951043doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.017google scholar: lookup
  73. Elliott G, O'Hare P. Equine herpesvirus 1 gene 12, the functional homologue of herpes simplex virus VP16, transactivates via octamer sequences in the equine herpesvirus IE gene promoter.. Virology 1995 Oct 20;213(1):258-62.
    pubmed: 7483272doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.1568google scholar: lookup
  74. Estell KE, Dawson DR, Magdesian KG, Swain E, Laing ST, Siso S, Mapes S, Pusterla N. Quantitative molecular viral loads in 7 horses with naturally occurring equine herpesvirus-1 infection.. Equine Vet J 2015 Nov;47(6):689-93.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12351pubmed: 25212737google scholar: lookup
  75. Everett RD, Freemont P, Saitoh H, Dasso M, Orr A, Kathoria M, Parkinson J. The disruption of ND10 during herpes simplex virus infection correlates with the Vmw110- and proteasome-dependent loss of several PML isoforms.. J Virol 1998 Aug;72(8):6581-91.
    pmc: PMC109835pubmed: 9658103doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.8.6581-6591.1998google scholar: lookup
  76. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAOSTAT]. Livestock, 2017. Rome: FAOSTAT.
  77. Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA in unweaned Thoroughbred foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm.. Equine Vet J 2004 May;36(4):341-5.
    pubmed: 15163042doi: 10.2746/0425164044890634google scholar: lookup
  78. Forest T, Barnard S, Baines JD. Active intranuclear movement of herpesvirus capsids.. Nat Cell Biol 2005 Apr;7(4):429-31.
    pubmed: 15803134doi: 10.1038/ncb1243google scholar: lookup
  79. Frampton AR Jr, Goins WF, Cohen JB, von Einem J, Osterrieder N, O'Callaghan DJ, Glorioso JC. Equine herpesvirus 1 utilizes a novel herpesvirus entry receptor.. J Virol 2005 Mar;79(5):3169-73.
    pmc: PMC548480pubmed: 15709036doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3169-3173.2005google scholar: lookup
  80. Frampton AR Jr, Stolz DB, Uchida H, Goins WF, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Equine herpesvirus 1 enters cells by two different pathways, and infection requires the activation of the cellular kinase ROCK1.. J Virol 2007 Oct;81(20):10879-89.
    pmc: PMC2045510pubmed: 17670830doi: 10.1128/jvi.00504-07google scholar: lookup
  81. Franklin T, Daft B, Silverman V, Powers E, Weidenbach S. Serological titers and clinical observations in equines suspected of being infected with EHV-1. Calif. Vet. 39 22–24.
  82. Friday PA, Scarratt WK, Elvinger F, Timoney PJ, Bonda A. Ataxia and paresis with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in a herd of riding school horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2000 Mar-Apr;14(2):197-201.
    pubmed: 10772493doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0197:aapweh>2.3.co;2google scholar: lookup
  83. Fuchs W, Klupp BG, Granzow H, Hengartner C, Brack A, Mundt A, Enquist LW, Mettenleiter TC. Physical interaction between envelope glycoproteins E and M of pseudorabies virus and the major tegument protein UL49.. J Virol 2002 Aug;76(16):8208-17.
    pmc: PMC155127pubmed: 12134026doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.8208-8217.2002google scholar: lookup
  84. Fuchs W, Klupp BG, Granzow H, Osterrieder N, Mettenleiter TC. The interacting UL31 and UL34 gene products of pseudorabies virus are involved in egress from the host-cell nucleus and represent components of primary enveloped but not mature virions.. J Virol 2002 Jan;76(1):364-78.
    pmc: PMC135715pubmed: 11739701doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.1.364-378.2002google scholar: lookup
  85. Fukushi H, Tomita T, Taniguchi A, Ochiai Y, Kirisawa R, Matsumura T, Yanai T, Masegi T, Yamaguchi T, Hirai K. Gazelle herpesvirus 1: a new neurotropic herpesvirus immunologically related to equine herpesvirus 1.. Virology 1997 Jan 6;227(1):34-44.
    pubmed: 9015181doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.8296google scholar: lookup
  86. Garko-Buczynski KA, Smith RH, Kim SK, O'Callaghan DJ. Complementation of a replication-defective mutant of equine herpesvirus type 1 by a cell line expressing the immediate-early protein.. Virology 1998 Aug 15;248(1):83-94.
    pubmed: 9705258doi: 10.1006/viro.1998.9247google scholar: lookup
  87. Garré B, van der Meulen K, Nugent J, Neyts J, Croubels S, De Backer P, Nauwynck H. In vitro susceptibility of six isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 to acyclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, adefovir, PMEDAP and foscarnet.. Vet Microbiol 2007 May 16;122(1-2):43-51.
    pubmed: 17276631doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.004google scholar: lookup
  88. George L W. Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalitis (rhinopneumonitis myelitis). Large Animal Internal Medicine, 913.
  89. Gibson JS, O'Neill T, Thackray A, Hannant D, Field HJ. Serological responses of specific pathogen-free foals to equine herpesvirus-1: primary and secondary infection, and reactivation.. Vet Microbiol 1992 Oct;32(3-4):199-214.
    pubmed: 1333670doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90145-jgoogle scholar: lookup
  90. Gibson JS, Slater JD, Awan AR, Field HJ. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 in specific pathogen-free foals: primary and secondary infections and reactivation.. Arch Virol 1992;123(3-4):351-66.
    pubmed: 1314051doi: 10.1007/bf01317269google scholar: lookup
  91. Gibson JS, Slater JD, Field HJ. The pathogenicity of Ab4p, the sequenced strain of equine herpesvirus-1, in specific pathogen-free foals.. Virology 1992 Jul;189(1):317-9.
    pubmed: 1318607doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90707-vgoogle scholar: lookup
  92. Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN. Epidemiological studies of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in Thoroughbred foals: a review of studies conducted in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales between 1995 and 1997.. Vet Microbiol 1999 Aug 16;68(1-2):15-25.
    pubmed: 10501158doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00057-7google scholar: lookup
  93. Gleeson LJ, Coggins L. Response of pregnant mares to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1).. Cornell Vet 1980 Oct;70(4):391-400.
    pubmed: 6257449
  94. Goehring LS, Wagner B, Bigbie R, Hussey SB, Rao S, Morley PS, Lunn DP. Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines.. Vaccine 2010 Jul 19;28(32):5203-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.065pubmed: 20538091google scholar: lookup
  95. Goehring L S, Lunn D P. Equine herpesvirus myeloencepha-lopathy. Current Therapy inEquine Medicine, 6th Edn, 77–181.
  96. Gonnella R, Farina A, Santarelli R, Raffa S, Feederle R, Bei R, Granato M, Modesti A, Frati L, Delecluse HJ, Torrisi MR, Angeloni A, Faggioni A. Characterization and intracellular localization of the Epstein-Barr virus protein BFLF2: interactions with BFRF1 and with the nuclear lamina.. J Virol 2005 Mar;79(6):3713-27.
    pmc: PMC1075684pubmed: 15731265doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.6.3713-3727.2005google scholar: lookup
  97. Goodman LB, Loregian A, Perkins GA, Nugent J, Buckles EL, Mercorelli B, Kydd JH, Palù G, Smith KC, Osterrieder N, Davis-Poynter N. A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines neuropathogenicity.. PLoS Pathog 2007 Nov;3(11):e160.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030160pmc: PMC2065875pubmed: 17997600google scholar: lookup
  98. Granzow H, Klupp BG, Fuchs W, Veits J, Osterrieder N, Mettenleiter TC. Egress of alphaherpesviruses: comparative ultrastructural study.. J Virol 2001 Apr;75(8):3675-84.
    pmc: PMC114859pubmed: 11264357doi: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3675-3684.2001google scholar: lookup
  99. Granzow H, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC. Entry of pseudorabies virus: an immunogold-labeling study.. J Virol 2005 Mar;79(5):3200-5.
    pmc: PMC548466pubmed: 15709042doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3200-3205.2005google scholar: lookup
  100. Gray WL, Baumann RP, Robertson AT, Caughman GB, O'Callaghan DJ, Staczek J. Regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 gene expression: characterization of immediate early, early, and late transcription.. Virology 1987 May;158(1):79-87.
    pubmed: 3033896doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90240-6google scholar: lookup
  101. Gray WL, Baumann RP, Robertson AT, O'Callaghan DJ, Staczek J. Characterization and mapping of equine herpesvirus type 1 immediate early, early, and late transcripts.. Virus Res 1987 Sep;8(3):233-44.
    pubmed: 2825444doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(87)90018-9google scholar: lookup
  102. Grundy FJ, Baumann RP, O'Callaghan DJ. DNA sequence and comparative analyses of the equine herpesvirus type 1 immediate early gene.. Virology 1989 Sep;172(1):223-36.
    pubmed: 2549711doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90124-4google scholar: lookup
  103. Gryspeerdt A, Vandekerckhove A, Van Doorsselaere J, Van de Walle G, Nauwynck H. Description of an unusually large outbreak of nervous system disorders caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) in 2009 in Belgium. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 80 147–153.
  104. Gryspeerdt AC, Vandekerckhove AP, Garré B, Barbé F, Van de Walle GR, Nauwynck HJ. Differences in replication kinetics and cell tropism between neurovirulent and non-neurovirulent EHV1 strains during the acute phase of infection in horses.. Vet Microbiol 2010 May 19;142(3-4):242-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.015pubmed: 19926232google scholar: lookup
  105. Guo H, Shen S, Wang L, Deng H. Role of tegument proteins in herpesvirus assembly and egress.. Protein Cell 2010 Nov;1(11):987-98.
    doi: 10.1007/s13238-010-0120-0pmc: PMC4875148pubmed: 21153516google scholar: lookup
  106. Hahn C, Mayhew I, MacKay R. Diseases of multiple or unknown sites. Equ. Med. Surg. 2 884–903.
  107. Hannant D, Jessett DM, O'Neill T, Dolby CA, Cook RF, Mumford JA. Responses of ponies to equid herpesvirus-1 ISCOM vaccination and challenge with virus of the homologous strain.. Res Vet Sci 1993 May;54(3):299-305.
    pubmed: 8393207doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(93)90126-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  108. Hartley WJ, Dixon RJ. An outbreak of foal perinatal mortality due to equid herpesvirus type 1: pathological observations.. Equine Vet J 1979 Oct;11(4):215-8.
    pubmed: 232044doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1979.tb01348.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  109. Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. An early gene maps within and is 3' coterminal with the immediate-early gene of equine herpesvirus 1.. J Virol 1991 Jul;65(7):3829-38.
    pmc: PMC241414pubmed: 1645793doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.7.3829-3838.1991google scholar: lookup
  110. Henninger RW, Reed SM, Saville WJ, Allen GP, Hass GF, Kohn CW, Sofaly C. Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center.. J Vet Intern Med 2007 Jan-Feb;21(1):157-65.
    pubmed: 17338164doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[157:oondcb]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  111. Henry BE, Robinson RA, Dauenhauer SA, Atherton SS, Hayward GS, O'Callaghan DJ. Structure of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 1.. Virology 1981 Nov;115(1):97-114.
    pubmed: 6270904doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90092-1google scholar: lookup
  112. Holden VR, Yalamanchili RR, Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. ICP22 homolog of equine herpesvirus 1: expression from early and late promoters.. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):664-73.
    pmc: PMC240765pubmed: 1370553doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.664-673.1992google scholar: lookup
  113. Holden VR, Zhao Y, Thompson Y, Caughman GB, Smith RH, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the regulatory function of the ICP22 protein of equine herpesvirus type 1.. Virology 1995 Jul 10;210(2):273-82.
    pubmed: 7618267doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.1344google scholar: lookup
  114. House JA, Gregg DA, Lubroth J, Dubovi EJ, Torres A. Experimental equine herpesvirus-1 infection in llamas (Lama glama).. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991 Apr;3(2):137-43.
    pubmed: 1654133doi: 10.1177/104063879100300206google scholar: lookup
  115. Huang T, Ma G, Osterrieder N. Equine Herpesvirus 1 Multiply Inserted Transmembrane Protein pUL43 Cooperates with pUL56 in Downregulation of Cell Surface Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I.. J Virol 2015 Jun;89(12):6251-63.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00032-15pmc: PMC4474290pubmed: 25833055google scholar: lookup
  116. Huffman JB, Newcomb WW, Brown JC, Homa FL. Amino acids 143 to 150 of the herpes simplex virus type 1 scaffold protein are required for the formation of portal-containing capsids.. J Virol 2008 Jul;82(13):6778-81.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00473-08pmc: PMC2447111pubmed: 18417585google scholar: lookup
  117. Hussey GS, Goehring LS, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Powell C, Hand J, Holz C, Slater J. Experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces chorioretinal lesions.. Vet Res 2013 Dec 5;44(1):118.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-118pmc: PMC4028784pubmed: 24308772google scholar: lookup
  118. Ivanovsky D. Concerning the mosaic disease of the tobacco plant. St. Petsb. Acad. Imp. Sci. Bul. 35 67–70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.09.030pubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  119. Jackson T, Kendrick JW. Paralysis of horses associated with equine herpesvirus 1 infection.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971 Apr 15;158(8):1351-7.
    pubmed: 4328999
  120. Jackson TA, Osburn BI, Cordy DR, Kendrick JW. Equine herpesvirus 1 infection of horses: studies on the experimentally induced neurologic disease.. Am J Vet Res 1977 Jun;38(6):709-19.
    pubmed: 195494
  121. Johnstone S, Barsova J, Campos I, Frampton AR. Equine herpesvirus type 1 modulates inflammatory host immune response genes in equine endothelial cells.. Vet Microbiol 2016 Aug 30;192:52-59.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.012pubmed: 27527764google scholar: lookup
  122. Kasem S, Yu MH, Yamada S, Kodaira A, Matsumura T, Tsujimura K, Madbouly H, Yamaguchi T, Ohya K, Fukushi H. The ORF37 (UL24) is a neuropathogenicity determinant of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in the mouse encephalitis model.. Virology 2010 May 10;400(2):259-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.012pubmed: 20199788google scholar: lookup
  123. Kim SK, Bowles DE, O'callaghan DJ. The gamma2 late glycoprotein K promoter of equine herpesvirus 1 is differentially regulated by the IE and EICP0 proteins.. Virology 1999 Apr 10;256(2):173-9.
    pubmed: 10191181doi: 10.1006/viro.1999.9608google scholar: lookup
  124. Kirisawa R, Endo A, Iwai H, Kawakami Y. Detection and identification of equine herpesvirus-1 and -4 by polymerase chain reaction.. Vet Microbiol 1993 Jul;36(1-2):57-67.
    pubmed: 8236780doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90128-tgoogle scholar: lookup
  125. Klupp BG, Granzow H, Mettenleiter TC. Primary envelopment of pseudorabies virus at the nuclear membrane requires the UL34 gene product.. J Virol 2000 Nov;74(21):10063-73.
    pmc: PMC102045pubmed: 11024135doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.21.10063-10073.2000google scholar: lookup
  126. Klupp BG, Granzow H, Mettenleiter TC. Effect of the pseudorabies virus US3 protein on nuclear membrane localization of the UL34 protein and virus egress from the nucleus.. J Gen Virol 2001 Oct;82(Pt 10):2363-2371.
    pubmed: 11562530doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-10-2363google scholar: lookup
  127. Kohn CW, Fenner WR. Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1987 Aug;3(2):405-19.
    pubmed: 3040197doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30683-1google scholar: lookup
  128. Kohn C W, Reed S M, Sofaly C D, Henninger R W, Saville W J, Allen G P. Transmission of EHV-1 by horses with EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy: implications for biosecurity and review. Clin. Tech. Equ. Pract. 5 60–66.
  129. Kress F. Virus abortus bei der Stute. Wien. Tieraerztl Wochenschr 28:320.
  130. Kukhanova MK, Korovina AN, Kochetkov SN. Human herpes simplex virus: life cycle and development of inhibitors.. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2014 Dec;79(13):1635-52.
    doi: 10.1134/S0006297914130124pubmed: 25749169google scholar: lookup
  131. Kurtz BM, Singletary LB, Kelly SD, Frampton AR Jr. Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I is an entry receptor for equine herpesvirus type 1.. J Virol 2010 Sep;84(18):9027-34.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00287-10pmc: PMC2937649pubmed: 20610718google scholar: lookup
  132. Kydd JH, Davis-Poynter NJ, Birch J, Hannant D, Minke J, Audonnet JC, Antczak DF, Ellis SA. A molecular approach to the identification of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes within equine herpesvirus 1.. J Gen Virol 2006 Sep;87(Pt 9):2507-2515.
    pubmed: 16894188doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82070-0google scholar: lookup
  133. Kydd JH, Smith KC, Hannant D, Livesay GJ, Mumford JA. Distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissue: implications for cellular immunity.. Equine Vet J 1994 Nov;26(6):470-3.
    pubmed: 7889921doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04052.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  134. Kydd JH, Smith KC, Hannant D, Livesay GJ, Mumford JA. Distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the respiratory tract of ponies: implications for vaccination strategies.. Equine Vet J 1994 Nov;26(6):466-9.
    pubmed: 7889920doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04051.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  135. Lang A, de Vries M, Feineis S, Müller E, Osterrieder N, Damiani AM. Development of a peptide ELISA for discrimination between serological responses to equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4.. J Virol Methods 2013 Nov;193(2):667-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.044pubmed: 23928223google scholar: lookup
  136. Lawrence GL, Gilkerson J, Love DN, Sabine M, Whalley JM. Rapid, single-step differentiation of equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 from clinical material using the polymerase chain reaction and virus-specific primers.. J Virol Methods 1994 Apr;47(1-2):59-72.
    pubmed: 8051234doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90066-3google scholar: lookup
  137. Lee JY, Irmiere A, Gibson W. Primate cytomegalovirus assembly: evidence that DNA packaging occurs subsequent to B capsid assembly.. Virology 1988 Nov;167(1):87-96.
    pubmed: 2847426doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90057-8google scholar: lookup
  138. Lewis JB, Thompson YG, Feng X, Holden VR, O'Callaghan D, Caughman GB. Structural and antigenic identification of the ORF12 protein (alpha TIF) of equine herpesvirus 1.. Virology 1997 Apr 14;230(2):369-75.
    pubmed: 9143293doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8477google scholar: lookup
  139. Loomis JS, Courtney RJ, Wills JW. Binding partners for the UL11 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus type 1.. J Virol 2003 Nov;77(21):11417-24.
    pmc: PMC229364pubmed: 14557627doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11417-11424.2003google scholar: lookup
  140. Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJ, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 May-Jun;23(3):450-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.xpubmed: 19645832google scholar: lookup
  141. Lunn D, Holmes M, Gibson J, Field H, Kydd J H, Duffus W. Haematological changes and equine lymphocyte subpopulation kinetics during primary infection and attempted re-infection of specific pathogen free foals with EHV-1. Equ. Vet. J. 23 35–40.
  142. Luxton GW, Haverlock S, Coller KE, Antinone SE, Pincetic A, Smith GA. Targeting of herpesvirus capsid transport in axons is coupled to association with specific sets of tegument proteins.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Apr 19;102(16):5832-7.
    pmc: PMC556296pubmed: 15795370doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500803102google scholar: lookup
  143. Luxton GW, Lee JI, Haverlock-Moyns S, Schober JM, Smith GA. The pseudorabies virus VP1/2 tegument protein is required for intracellular capsid transport.. J Virol 2006 Jan;80(1):201-9.
    pmc: PMC1317523pubmed: 16352544doi: 10.1128/jvi.80.1.201-209.2006google scholar: lookup
  144. Ma G, Feineis S, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Identification and characterization of equine herpesvirus type 1 pUL56 and its role in virus-induced downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I.. J Virol 2012 Apr;86(7):3554-63.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.06994-11pmc: PMC3302497pubmed: 22278226google scholar: lookup
  145. Machtiger NA, Pancake BA, Eberle R, Courtney RJ, Tevethia SS, Schaffer PA. Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins: isolation of mutants resistant to immune cytolysis.. J Virol 1980 May;34(2):336-46.
    pmc: PMC288710pubmed: 6246268doi: 10.1128/jvi.34.2.336-346.1980google scholar: lookup
  146. Mackem S, Roizman B. Structural features of the herpes simplex virus alpha gene 4, 0, and 27 promoter-regulatory sequences which confer alpha regulation on chimeric thymidine kinase genes.. J Virol 1982 Dec;44(3):939-49.
    pmc: PMC256353pubmed: 6294341doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.3.939-949.1982google scholar: lookup
  147. Mackie JT, MacLeod GA, Reubel GH, Studdert MJ. Diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 1 abortion using polymerase chain reaction.. Aust Vet J 1996 Nov;74(5):390-1.
    pubmed: 8941422doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb15452.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  148. Manninger R. Studies on infectious abortion in mares due to a filterable virus. Acta Vet. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 1 62–69.
  149. Manninger R, Csontos J. Virusabortus der Stuten. Dtsch Tierartztl Wschr 49 105–111.
  150. Matsumura T, Smith RH, O'Callaghan DJ. DNA sequence and transcriptional analyses of the region of the equine herpesvirus type 1 Kentucky A strain genome encoding glycoprotein C.. Virology 1993 Apr;193(2):910-23.
    pubmed: 8384760doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1200google scholar: lookup
  151. Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Pusterla N, Eberle R, Holbrook TC, McFarlane D, Rezabek GB, Meinkoth J, Whitfield C, Goad CL, Allen GP. Efficacy of the early administration of valacyclovir hydrochloride for the treatment of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 infection in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2017 Oct;78(10):1126-1139.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.78.10.1126pmc: PMC6440545pubmed: 28945127google scholar: lookup
  152. Mayr A, Pette J, Petzoldt K, Wagener K. [Studies on the development of a live vaccine against rhinopneumonitis (mare abortion) of horses].. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1968 Apr;15(3):406-18.
    pubmed: 5692868
  153. McCartan CG, Russell MM, Wood JL, Mumford JA. Clinical, serological and virological characteristics of an outbreak of paresis and neonatal foal disease due to equine herpesvirus-1 on a stud farm.. Vet Rec 1995 Jan 7;136(1):7-12.
    pubmed: 7900264doi: 10.1136/vr.136.1.7google scholar: lookup
  154. McCulloch J, Williamson SA, Powis SJ, Edington N. The effect of EHV-1 infection upon circulating leucocyte populations in the natural equine host.. Vet Microbiol 1993 Oct;37(1-2):147-61.
    pubmed: 8296444doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90189-egoogle scholar: lookup
  155. McFadden AM, Hanlon D, McKenzie RK, Gibson I, Bueno IM, Pulford DJ, Orr D, Dunowska M, Stanislawek WL, Spence RP, McDonald WL, Munro G, Mayhew IG. The first reported outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2016 Mar;64(2):125-34.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1096853pubmed: 26414406google scholar: lookup
  156. Meredith DM, Stocks JM, Whittaker GR, Halliburton IW, Snowden BW, Killington RA. Identification of the gB homologues of equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 as disulphide-linked heterodimers and their characterization using monoclonal antibodies.. J Gen Virol 1989 May;70 ( Pt 5):1161-72.
    pubmed: 2543773doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-70-5-1161google scholar: lookup
  157. Mettenleiter TC. Herpesvirus assembly and egress.. J Virol 2002 Feb;76(4):1537-47.
    pmc: PMC135924pubmed: 11799148doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.4.1537-1547.2002google scholar: lookup
  158. Mettenleiter TC. Intriguing interplay between viral proteins during herpesvirus assembly or: the herpesvirus assembly puzzle.. Vet Microbiol 2006 Mar 31;113(3-4):163-9.
    pubmed: 16330166doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.040google scholar: lookup
  159. Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG, Granzow H. Herpesvirus assembly: a tale of two membranes.. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006 Aug;9(4):423-9.
    pubmed: 16814597doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.06.013google scholar: lookup
  160. Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG, Granzow H. Herpesvirus assembly: an update.. Virus Res 2009 Aug;143(2):222-34.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.03.018pubmed: 19651457google scholar: lookup
  161. Michael K, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Composition of pseudorabies virus particles lacking tegument protein US3, UL47, or UL49 or envelope glycoprotein E.. J Virol 2006 Feb;80(3):1332-9.
    pmc: PMC1346971pubmed: 16415010doi: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1332-1339.2006google scholar: lookup
  162. Minke JM, Fischer L, Baudu P, Guigal PM, Sindle T, Mumford JA, Audonnet JC. Use of DNA and recombinant canarypox viral (ALVAC) vectors for equine herpes virus vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):47-57.
    pubmed: 16580075doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.008google scholar: lookup
  163. Miranda-Saksena M, Boadle RA, Armati P, Cunningham AL. In rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument forms in the cytoplasm of the cell body.. J Virol 2002 Oct;76(19):9934-51.
    pmc: PMC136480pubmed: 12208970doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.19.9934-9951.2002google scholar: lookup
  164. Mumford J A, Hannant D, Jessett D M, O’Neil T, Smith K C, Ostlund E N. Equine infectious diseases VII. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases, 261–275.
  165. Mumford JA, Rossdale PD. Virus and its relationship to the "poor performance" syndrome.. Equine Vet J 1980 Jan;12(1):3-9.
    pubmed: 6244942doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb02285.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  166. Muranyi W, Haas J, Wagner M, Krohne G, Koszinowski UH. Cytomegalovirus recruitment of cellular kinases to dissolve the nuclear lamina.. Science 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):854-7.
    pubmed: 12161659doi: 10.1126/science.1071506google scholar: lookup
  167. Muylaert I, Tang KW, Elias P. Replication and recombination of herpes simplex virus DNA.. J Biol Chem 2011 May 6;286(18):15619-24.
    pmc: PMC3091170pubmed: 21362621doi: 10.1074/jbc.r111.233981google scholar: lookup
  168. Negussie H, Gizaw D, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy, an Emerging Threat of Working Equids in Ethiopia.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017 Apr;64(2):389-397.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12377pubmed: 26010868google scholar: lookup
  169. Newcomb WW, Brown JC, Booy FP, Steven AC. Nucleocapsid mass and capsomer protein stoichiometry in equine herpesvirus 1: scanning transmission electron microscopic study.. J Virol 1989 Sep;63(9):3777-83.
    pmc: PMC250970pubmed: 2760983doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3777-3783.1989google scholar: lookup
  170. Newcomb WW, Homa FL, Thomsen DR, Booy FP, Trus BL, Steven AC, Spencer JV, Brown JC. Assembly of the herpes simplex virus capsid: characterization of intermediates observed during cell-free capsid formation.. J Mol Biol 1996 Nov 1;263(3):432-46.
    pubmed: 8918599doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0587google scholar: lookup
  171. Newcomb WW, Thomsen DR, Homa FL, Brown JC. Assembly of the herpes simplex virus capsid: identification of soluble scaffold-portal complexes and their role in formation of portal-containing capsids.. J Virol 2003 Sep;77(18):9862-71.
    pmc: PMC224603pubmed: 12941896doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.18.9862-9871.2003google scholar: lookup
  172. Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus gene products: the accessories reflect her lifestyle well.. Rev Med Virol 2004 Jan-Feb;14(1):33-46.
    pubmed: 14716690doi: 10.1002/rmv.409google scholar: lookup
  173. Nowotny N, Burtscher H, Bürki F. Neuropathogenicity for suckling mice of equine herpesvirus 1 from the Lipizzan outbreak 1983 and of selected other EHV 1 strains.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1987 Aug;34(6):441-8.
    pubmed: 2830747doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1987.tb00418.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  174. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR, Bowden RJ, Allen GP, Davis-Poynter N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(8):4047-60.
    pmc: PMC1440451pubmed: 16571821doi: 10.1128/jvi.80.8.4047-4060.2006google scholar: lookup
  175. O’Callaghan D J, Gentry G A, Randall C C. The equine herpesviruses. The Herpesviruses, 215–318.
  176. O’Callaghan D J, Henry B E, Wharton J H, Dauenhauer S A, Vance R B, Staczek J. Equine herpesviruses: biochemical studies on genomic structure, DI particles, oncogenic transformation and persistent infection. Herpesvirus DNA, 387–418.
  177. Ojala PM, Sodeik B, Ebersold MW, Kutay U, Helenius A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 entry into host cells: reconstitution of capsid binding and uncoating at the nuclear pore complex in vitro.. Mol Cell Biol 2000 Jul;20(13):4922-31.
    pmc: PMC85943pubmed: 10848617doi: 10.1128/mcb.20.13.4922-4931.2000google scholar: lookup
  178. Oladunni FS, Sarkar S, Reedy S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Absence of relationship between type-I interferon suppression and neuropathogenicity of EHV-1.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018 Mar;197:24-30.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.007pubmed: 29475503google scholar: lookup
  179. Oladunni FS, Sarkar S, Reedy S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Equid Herpesvirus 1 Targets the Sensitization and Induction Steps To Inhibit the Type I Interferon Response in Equine Endothelial Cells.. J Virol 2019 Dec 1;93(23).
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01342-19pmc: PMC6854505pubmed: 31511388google scholar: lookup
  180. O'Neill T, Kydd JH, Allen GP, Wattrang E, Mumford JA, Hannant D. Determination of equid herpesvirus 1-specific, CD8+, cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor frequencies in ponies.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999 Sep 1;70(1-2):43-54.
    pubmed: 10507286doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00037-9google scholar: lookup
  181. Osterrieder N. Construction and characterization of an equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein C negative mutant.. Virus Res 1999 Feb;59(2):165-77.
    pubmed: 10082388doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00134-8google scholar: lookup
  182. Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Pathogenic potential of equine alphaherpesviruses: the importance of the mononuclear cell compartment in disease outcome.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jun 16;143(1):21-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.010pubmed: 20202764google scholar: lookup
  183. Ostlund EN. The equine herpesviruses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993 Aug;9(2):283-94.
    pubmed: 8395324doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30396-6google scholar: lookup
  184. Ostlund E N, Powell D, Bryans J T. Equine herpesvirus 1: a review. Annu. Conv. Am. Assoc. Equ. Pract. 36 387–395.
  185. Packiarajah P, Walker C, Gilkerson J, Whalley JM, Love DN. Immune responses and protective efficacy of recombinant baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) gB, gC and gD alone or in combinations in BALB/c mice.. Vet Microbiol 1998 Apr 15;61(4):261-78.
    pubmed: 9646476doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00189-8google scholar: lookup
  186. Paillot R, Case R, Ross J, Newton R, Nugent J. Equine herpes virus-1: virus, immunity and vaccines. Open Vet. Sci. J. 2 68–91.
  187. Patel JR, Edington N, Mumford JA. Variation in cellular tropism between isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 in foals.. Arch Virol 1982;74(1):41-51.
    pubmed: 6297429doi: 10.1007/bf01320781google scholar: lookup
  188. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    pubmed: 15993786doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018google scholar: lookup
  189. Pellet P. The family Herpesviridae: a brief introduction. Fields Virol. 5 3137–3166.
  190. Perdue ML, Cohen JC, Randall CC, O'Callaghan DJ. Biochemical studies of the maturation of herpesvirus nucleocapsid species.. Virology 1976 Oct 1;74(1):194-208.
    pubmed: 18625460
  191. Perdue ML, Kemp MC, Randall CC, O'Callaghan DJ. Studies of the molecular anatomy of the L-M cell strain of equine herpes virus type 1: proteins of the nucleocapsid and intact virion.. Virology 1974 May;59(1):201-16.
    pubmed: 4826204doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90216-5google scholar: lookup
  192. Perkins G, Babasyan S, Stout AE, Freer H, Rollins A, Wimer CL, Wagner B. Intranasal IgG4/7 antibody responses protect horses against equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection including nasal virus shedding and cell-associated viremia.. Virology 2019 May;531:219-232.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.014pubmed: 30928700google scholar: lookup
  193. Perkins G, Goodman L, Tsujimura K, Van de Walle G, Kim S, Dubovi E. Investigation of neurologic equine herpes virus 1 epidemiology from 1984-2007. J. Vet. Internal Med. 22 819–820.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.033pubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  194. Perkins GA, Goodman LB, Tsujimura K, Van de Walle GR, Kim SG, Dubovi EJ, Osterrieder N. Investigation of the prevalence of neurologic equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) in a 23-year retrospective analysis (1984-2007).. Vet Microbiol 2009 Nov 18;139(3-4):375-8.
    pubmed: 19615831doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.033google scholar: lookup
  195. PLUMMER G, WATERSON AP. Equine herpes viruses.. Virology 1963 Mar;19:412-6.
    pubmed: 13944111doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(63)90083-7google scholar: lookup
  196. Pronost S, Cook RF, Fortier G, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy and viral genotype.. Equine Vet J 2010 Nov;42(8):672-4.
    pubmed: 21039794doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00307.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  197. Pronost S, Legrand L, Pitel PH, Wegge B, Lissens J, Freymuth F, Richard E, Fortier G. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in France: a clinical and molecular investigation.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012 Jun;59(3):256-63.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01263.xpubmed: 21975071google scholar: lookup
  198. Purewal AS, Allsopp R, Riggio M, Telford EA, Azam S, Davison AJ, Edington N. Equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 encode functional homologs of the herpes simplex virus type 1 virion transactivator protein, VP16.. Virology 1994 Jan;198(1):385-9.
    pubmed: 8259676doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1047google scholar: lookup
  199. Purewal AS, Smallwood AV, Kaushal A, Adegboye D, Edington N. Identification and control of the cis-acting elements of the immediate early gene of equid herpesvirus type 1.. J Gen Virol 1992 Mar;73 ( Pt 3):513-9.
    pubmed: 1545217doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-3-513google scholar: lookup
  200. Pusterla N, Hussey G S. Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equ. Pract. 13 53–72.
  201. Pusterla N, David Wilson W, Madigan JE, Ferraro GL. Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy: a review of recent developments.. Vet J 2009 Jun;180(3):279-89.
    pubmed: 18805030doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.004google scholar: lookup
  202. Rajcani J, Durmanova V. Mechanisms of replication of alpha- and betaherpesviruses and their pathogenesis.. Bratisl Lek Listy 2001;102(11):505-14.
    pubmed: 11901707
  203. RANDALL CC, RYDEN FW, DOLL ER, SCHELL FS. Cultivation of equine abortion virus in fetal horse tissue in vitro.. Am J Pathol 1953 Jan-Feb;29(1):139-53.
    pmc: PMC1937421pubmed: 13016787
  204. Rebhun WC, Jenkins DH, Riis RC, Dill SG, Dubovi EJ, Torres A. An epizootic of blindness and encephalitis associated with a herpesvirus indistinguishable from equine herpesvirus I in a herd of alpacas and llamas.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988 Apr 1;192(7):953-6.
    pubmed: 2835346
  205. Reed SM, Toribio RE. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004 Dec;20(3):631-42.
    pubmed: 15519823doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.09.001google scholar: lookup
  206. Reynolds AE, Liang L, Baines JD. Conformational changes in the nuclear lamina induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 require genes U(L)31 and U(L)34.. J Virol 2004 Jun;78(11):5564-75.
    pmc: PMC415827pubmed: 15140953doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.5564-5575.2004google scholar: lookup
  207. Reynolds AE, Ryckman BJ, Baines JD, Zhou Y, Liang L, Roller RJ. U(L)31 and U(L)34 proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 form a complex that accumulates at the nuclear rim and is required for envelopment of nucleocapsids.. J Virol 2001 Sep;75(18):8803-17.
    pmc: PMC115125pubmed: 11507225doi: 10.1128/jvi.75.18.8803-8817.2001google scholar: lookup
  208. Reynolds AE, Wills EG, Roller RJ, Ryckman BJ, Baines JD. Ultrastructural localization of the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL31, UL34, and US3 proteins suggests specific roles in primary envelopment and egress of nucleocapsids.. J Virol 2002 Sep;76(17):8939-52.
    pmc: PMC136992pubmed: 12163613doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.17.8939-8952.2002google scholar: lookup
  209. Riaz A, Murtaz-ul-Hasan K, Akhtar N. Recent understanding of the classification and life cycle of herpesviruses: a review. Sci. Lett. 5 195–207.
  210. Rixon FJ, Addison C, McGregor A, Macnab SJ, Nicholson P, Preston VG, Tatman JD. Multiple interactions control the intracellular localization of the herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid proteins.. J Gen Virol 1996 Sep;77 ( Pt 9):2251-60.
    pubmed: 8811025doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-9-2251google scholar: lookup
  211. Rixon FJ, Cross AM, Addison C, Preston VG. The products of herpes simplex virus type 1 gene UL26 which are involved in DNA packaging are strongly associated with empty but not with full capsids.. J Gen Virol 1988 Nov;69 ( Pt 11):2879-91.
    pubmed: 2846764doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-11-2879google scholar: lookup
  212. Roizman B. The family herpesviridae: general description, taxonomy, and classification. The Herpesviruses, 1–23.
  213. Roizman B. The function of herpes simplex virus genes: a primer for genetic engineering of novel vectors.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 Oct 15;93(21):11307-12.
    pmc: PMC38053pubmed: 8876131doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11307google scholar: lookup
  214. Roizman B, Carmichael LE, Deinhardt F, de-The G, Nahmias AJ, Plowright W, Rapp F, Sheldrick P, Takahashi M, Wolf K. Herpesviridae. Definition, provisional nomenclature, and taxonomy. The Herpesvirus Study Group, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.. Intervirology 1981;16(4):201-17.
    pubmed: 7343541doi: 10.1159/000149269google scholar: lookup
  215. Roizman B, Desrosiers R C, Fleckenstein B, Lopez C, Minson A C, Studdert M J. Herpesviridae. Virus Taxonomy. Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 114–127.
  216. Roizman B, Knipe D M. Herpes simplex viruses and their replication. Fields Virology, 2399–2460.
  217. Roizmann B, Desrosiers RC, Fleckenstein B, Lopez C, Minson AC, Studdert MJ. The family Herpesviridae: an update. The Herpesvirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.. Arch Virol 1992;123(3-4):425-49.
    pubmed: 1562239doi: 10.1007/bf01317276google scholar: lookup
  218. Roller RJ, Zhou Y, Schnetzer R, Ferguson J, DeSalvo D. Herpes simplex virus type 1 U(L)34 gene product is required for viral envelopment.. J Virol 2000 Jan;74(1):117-29.
    pmc: PMC111520pubmed: 10590098doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.117-129.2000google scholar: lookup
  219. Rusli N D, Mat K B, Harun H C. A review: interactions of equine herpesvirus-1 with immune system and equine lymphocyte. Open J. Vet. Med. 4 294–307.
  220. Ruyechan WT, Dauenhauer SA, O'Callaghan DJ. Electron microscopic study of equine herpesvirus type 1 DNA.. J Virol 1982 Apr;42(1):297-300.
    pmc: PMC256071pubmed: 6283147doi: 10.1128/jvi.42.1.297-300.1982google scholar: lookup
  221. Rybachuk G V. Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Equine Herpesvirus Type 1: The Mechanism of Antiviral Effects of Porphyrin Derivatives. Doctoral Dissertations LSU: Baton Rouge, LA, 2545.
  222. Salyi J. Beitrag zur Pathohistologie des Virusabortus der Stuten. Arch Wiss Prakt Tierheilkd 77 244.
  223. Sarkar S. Modulation of Type-I Interferon Mediated Immune Response: A Novel Innate Immune Evasion Strategy of Equine Herpesvirus. Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/14n(accessed December 5, 2017).
  224. Sarkar S, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Equine herpesvirus-1 suppresses type-I interferon induction in equine endothelial cells.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015 Oct 15;167(3-4):122-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.015pubmed: 26275803google scholar: lookup
  225. Sarkar S, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. Equine herpesvirus-1 infection disrupts interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) signaling pathways in equine endothelial cells.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016 May;173:1-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.009pubmed: 27090619google scholar: lookup
  226. Sarkar S, Balasuriya UB, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. The neuropathogenic T953 strain of equine herpesvirus-1 inhibits type-I IFN mediated antiviral activity in equine endothelial cells.. Vet Microbiol 2016 Feb 1;183:110-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.011pubmed: 26790943google scholar: lookup
  227. Sasaki M, Hasebe R, Makino Y, Suzuki T, Fukushi H, Okamoto M, Matsuda K, Taniyama H, Sawa H, Kimura T. Equine major histocompatibility complex class I molecules act as entry receptors that bind to equine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D.. Genes Cells 2011 Apr;16(4):343-57.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01491.xpmc: PMC3118799pubmed: 21306483google scholar: lookup
  228. Schumacher D, Tischer BK, Trapp S, Osterrieder N. The protein encoded by the US3 orthologue of Marek's disease virus is required for efficient de-envelopment of perinuclear virions and involved in actin stress fiber breakdown.. J Virol 2005 Apr;79(7):3987-97.
    pmc: PMC1061555pubmed: 15767401doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.3987-3997.2005google scholar: lookup
  229. Scott JC, Dutta SK, Myrup AC. In vivo harboring of equine herpesvirus-1 in leukocyte populations and subpopulations and their quantitation from experimentally infected ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1983 Jul;44(7):1344-8.
    pubmed: 6309042
  230. Simpson-Holley M, Colgrove RC, Nalepa G, Harper JW, Knipe DM. Identification and functional evaluation of cellular and viral factors involved in the alteration of nuclear architecture during herpes simplex virus 1 infection.. J Virol 2005 Oct;79(20):12840-51.
    pmc: PMC1235858pubmed: 16188986doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.12840-12851.2005google scholar: lookup
  231. Singer GP, Newcomb WW, Thomsen DR, Homa FL, Brown JC. Identification of a region in the herpes simplex virus scaffolding protein required for interaction with the portal.. J Virol 2005 Jan;79(1):132-9.
    pmc: PMC538710pubmed: 15596809doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.1.132-139.2005google scholar: lookup
  232. Slater J, Arnold J, Taylor K, Baxi S, Field H. Fluorescein angiographic appearance of the normal fundus and of focal chorioretinal lesions in the horse. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36:S779.
  233. Slater J, Baxi M, Tewari D, Gibson J, Field H, Ludwig H. Experimental infection of specific pathogen-free ponies with equid herpesvirus-1: detection of infectious virus and viral DNA. Equine Infectious Diseases, Vol. VII, 255–260.
  234. Slater JD, Borchers K, Thackray AM, Field HJ. The trigeminal ganglion is a location for equine herpesvirus 1 latency and reactivation in the horse.. J Gen Virol 1994 Aug;75 ( Pt 8):2007-16.
    pubmed: 8046404doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-8-2007google scholar: lookup
  235. Slater JD, Gibson JS, Barnett KC, Field HJ. Chorioretinopathy associated with neuropathology following infection with equine herpesvirus-1.. Vet Rec 1992 Sep 12;131(11):237-9.
    pubmed: 1332242doi: 10.1136/vr.131.11.237-agoogle scholar: lookup
  236. Smith DJ, Iqbal J, Purewal A, Hamblin AS, Edington N. In vitro reactivation of latent equid herpesvirus-1 from CD5+/CD8+ leukocytes indirectly by IL-2 or chorionic gonadotrophin.. J Gen Virol 1998 Dec;79 ( Pt 12):2997-3004.
    pubmed: 9880014doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-12-2997google scholar: lookup
  237. Smith KC, McGladdery AJ, Binns MM, Mumford JA. Use of transabdominal ultrasound-guided amniocentesis for detection of equid herpesvirus 1-induced fetal infection in utero.. Am J Vet Res 1997 Sep;58(9):997-1002.
    pubmed: 9285004
  238. Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Binns MM, Dolby CA, Hannant D, Mumford JA. Abortion of virologically negative foetuses following experimental challenge of pregnant pony mares with equid herpesvirus 1.. Equine Vet J 1992 Jul;24(4):256-9.
    pubmed: 1323457doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02830.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  239. Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Mumford JA, Gower SM, Hannant D, Tearle JP. An immunohistological study of the uterus of mares following experimental infection by equid herpesvirus 1.. Equine Vet J 1993 Jan;25(1):36-40.
    pubmed: 8380768doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02898.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  240. Smith KL, Li Y, Breheny P, Cook RF, Henney PJ, Sells S, Pronost S, Lu Z, Crossley BM, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. New real-time PCR assay using allelic discrimination for detection and differentiation of equine herpesvirus-1 strains with A2254 and G2254 polymorphisms.. J Clin Microbiol 2012 Jun;50(6):1981-8.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00135-12pmc: PMC3372139pubmed: 22493339google scholar: lookup
  241. Smith RH, Caughman GB, O'Callaghan DJ. Characterization of the regulatory functions of the equine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early gene product.. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):936-45.
    pmc: PMC240795pubmed: 1309921doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.936-945.1992google scholar: lookup
  242. Smith RH, Zhao Y, O'Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus type 1 immediate-early gene product contains an acidic transcriptional activation domain.. Virology 1994 Aug 1;202(2):760-70.
    pubmed: 8030239doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1398google scholar: lookup
  243. Soboll G, Breathnach CC, Kydd JH, Hussey SB, Mealey RM, Lunn DP. Vaccination of ponies with the IE gene of EHV-1 in a recombinant modified live vaccinia vector protects against clinical and virological disease.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010 May 15;135(1-2):108-117.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.009pubmed: 20018383google scholar: lookup
  244. Soboll G, Hussey SB, Whalley JM, Allen GP, Koen MT, Santucci N, Fraser DG, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP. Antibody and cellular immune responses following DNA vaccination and EHV-1 infection of ponies.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):81-95.
    pubmed: 16549215doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.011google scholar: lookup
  245. Soboll G, Whalley JM, Koen MT, Allen GP, Fraser DG, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP. Identification of equine herpesvirus-1 antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.. J Gen Virol 2003 Oct;84(Pt 10):2625-2634.
    pubmed: 13679596doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19268-0google scholar: lookup
  246. Spear PG. Herpes simplex virus: receptors and ligands for cell entry.. Cell Microbiol 2004 May;6(5):401-10.
    pubmed: 15056211doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00389.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  247. Studdert MJ, Fitzpatrick DR, Horner GW, Westbury HA, Gleeson LJ. Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of some equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) and type 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) isolates.. Aust Vet J 1984 Nov;61(11):345-8.
    pubmed: 6099117doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1984.tb07152.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  248. Taniguchi A, Fukushi H, Matsumura T, Yanai T, Masegi T, Hirai K. Pathogenicity of a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus 9 (gazelle herpesvirus 1) in horses.. J Vet Med Sci 2000 Feb;62(2):215-8.
    pubmed: 10720196doi: 10.1292/jvms.62.215google scholar: lookup
  249. Telford EA, Watson MS, Perry J, Cullinane AA, Davison AJ. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus-4.. J Gen Virol 1998 May;79 ( Pt 5):1197-203.
    pubmed: 9603335doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-5-1197google scholar: lookup
  250. Telford EA, Watson MS, McBride K, Davison AJ. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus-1.. Virology 1992 Jul;189(1):304-16.
    pubmed: 1318606doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90706-ugoogle scholar: lookup
  251. Timoney P. Rhinopneumonitis and Viral Abortion. Veterinary Diagnostic Virology St Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book Inc, 173–177.
  252. Traub-Dargatz JL, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Creekmore LH, Geiser-Novotny S, Kasari TR, Wiedenheft AM, Bush EJ, Bjork KE. Case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak.. J Vet Intern Med 2013 Mar-Apr;27(2):339-46.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12051pubmed: 23398291google scholar: lookup
  253. Tsujimura K, Oyama T, Katayama Y, Muranaka M, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Kato M, Matsumura T. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 1 strains of neuropathogenic genotype in a major breeding area of Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2011 Dec;73(12):1663-7.
    pubmed: 21828961doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0140google scholar: lookup
  254. Turcotte S, Letellier J, Lippé R. Herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids transit by the trans-Golgi network, where viral glycoproteins accumulate independently of capsid egress.. J Virol 2005 Jul;79(14):8847-60.
    pmc: PMC1168770pubmed: 15994778doi: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8847-8860.2005google scholar: lookup
  255. Turtinen LW, Allen GP, Darlington RW, Bryans JT. Serologic and molecular comparisons of several equine herpesvirus type 1 strains.. Am J Vet Res 1981 Dec;42(12):2099-104.
    pubmed: 6280520
  256. Turtinen L W. Studies on the Antigenic and Genetic Variation Between the Two Subtypes of Equine Herpesvirus 1. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
  257. Turtinen LW, Allen GP. Identification of the envelope surface glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus type 1.. J Gen Virol 1982 Dec;63(2):481-5.
    pubmed: 6296290doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-63-2-481google scholar: lookup
  258. van der Meulen KM, Favoreel HW, Pensaert MB, Nauwynck HJ. Immune escape of equine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses of veterinary importance.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):31-40.
    pubmed: 16472872doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.006google scholar: lookup
  259. van Galen G, Leblond A, Tritz P, Martinelle L, Pronost S, Saegerman C. A retrospective study on equine herpesvirus type-1 associated myeloencephalopathy in France (2008-2011).. Vet Microbiol 2015 Sep 30;179(3-4):304-9.
    pubmed: 26228835doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.003google scholar: lookup
  260. Vandekerckhove AP, Glorieux S, Gryspeerdt AC, Steukers L, Duchateau L, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR, Nauwynck HJ. Replication kinetics of neurovirulent versus non-neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 strains in equine nasal mucosal explants.. J Gen Virol 2010 Aug;91(Pt 8):2019-2028.
    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.019257-0pubmed: 20427565google scholar: lookup
  261. Vandekerckhove AP, Glorieux S, Gryspeerdt AC, Steukers L, Van Doorsselaere J, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR, Nauwynck HJ. Equine alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-4) differ in their efficiency to infect mononuclear cells during early steps of infection in nasal mucosal explants.. Vet Microbiol 2011 Aug 26;152(1-2):21-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.038pubmed: 21536394google scholar: lookup
  262. Wagner B, Goodman LB, Babasyan S, Freer H, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S, Perkins GA. Antibody and cellular immune responses of naïve mares to repeated vaccination with an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine.. Vaccine 2015 Oct 13;33(42):5588-5597.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.009pubmed: 26384446google scholar: lookup
  263. Walter J, Seeh C, Fey K, Bleul U, Osterrieder N. Clinical observations and management of a severe equine herpesvirus type 1 outbreak with abortion and encephalomyelitis.. Acta Vet Scand 2013 Mar 5;55(1):19.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-19pmc: PMC3630004pubmed: 23497661google scholar: lookup
  264. Welch HM, Bridges CG, Lyon AM, Griffiths L, Edington N. Latent equid herpesviruses 1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues.. J Gen Virol 1992 Feb;73 ( Pt 2):261-8.
    pubmed: 1347078doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-261google scholar: lookup
  265. Weller SK, Coen DM. Herpes simplex viruses: mechanisms of DNA replication.. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012 Sep 1;4(9):a013011.
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013011pmc: PMC3428768pubmed: 22952399google scholar: lookup
  266. WESTERFIELD C, DIMOCK WW. The pathology of equine virus abortion.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1946 Aug;109:101-11.
    pubmed: 20996644
  267. Whalley JM, Robertson GR, Davison AJ. Analysis of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 1: arrangement of cleavage sites for restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BglII and BamHI.. J Gen Virol 1981 Dec;57(Pt 2):307-23.
    pubmed: 6275028doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-57-2-307google scholar: lookup
  268. Whitley R J, Gnann J W. The epidemiology and clinical manifestation of herpes simplex virus infections. The Human Herpesviruses, 69–105.
  269. Whittaker GR, Helenius A. Nuclear import and export of viruses and virus genomes.. Virology 1998 Jun 20;246(1):1-23.
    pubmed: 9656989doi: 10.1006/viro.1998.9165google scholar: lookup
  270. Whitwell KE, Blunden AS. Pathological findings in horses dying during an outbreak of the paralytic form of Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection.. Equine Vet J 1992 Jan;24(1):13-9.
    pubmed: 1313358doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02771.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  271. Wilson J, Erickson D. Neurological syndrome of rhinopneumonitis. Proc. Am. Coll. Vet. Intern. Med. 9 419–421.
  272. Wilson WD. Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1997 Apr;13(1):53-72.
    pubmed: 9106343doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30255-9google scholar: lookup
  273. Wolfstein A, Nagel CH, Radtke K, Döhner K, Allan VJ, Sodeik B. The inner tegument promotes herpes simplex virus capsid motility along microtubules in vitro.. Traffic 2006 Feb;7(2):227-37.
    pubmed: 16420530doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00379.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  274. Xie Y, Wu L, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Alpha-Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes Mediate Viral Virulence and Are Potential Therapeutic Targets.. Front Microbiol 2019;10:941.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00941pmc: PMC6517553pubmed: 31134006google scholar: lookup
  275. Yang K, Baines JD. Domain within herpes simplex virus 1 scaffold proteins required for interaction with portal protein in infected cells and incorporation of the portal vertex into capsids.. J Virol 2008 May;82(10):5021-30.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00150-08pmc: PMC2346756pubmed: 18337579google scholar: lookup
  276. Yang K, Homa F, Baines JD. Putative terminase subunits of herpes simplex virus 1 form a complex in the cytoplasm and interact with portal protein in the nucleus.. J Virol 2007 Jun;81(12):6419-33.
    pmc: PMC1900116pubmed: 17392365doi: 10.1128/jvi.00047-07google scholar: lookup
  277. Zhao Y, Holden VR, Harty RN, O'Callaghan DJ. Identification and transcriptional analyses of the UL3 and UL4 genes of equine herpesvirus 1, homologs of the ICP27 and glycoprotein K genes of herpes simplex virus.. J Virol 1992 Sep;66(9):5363-72.
    pmc: PMC289092pubmed: 1323700doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.9.5363-5372.1992google scholar: lookup
  278. Zhao Y, Holden VR, Smith RH, O'Callaghan DJ. Regulatory function of the equine herpesvirus 1 ICP27 gene product.. J Virol 1995 May;69(5):2786-93.
    pmc: PMC188972pubmed: 7707500doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.5.2786-2793.1995google scholar: lookup
  279. Zhou ZH, Chen DH, Jakana J, Rixon FJ, Chiu W. Visualization of tegument-capsid interactions and DNA in intact herpes simplex virus type 1 virions.. J Virol 1999 Apr;73(4):3210-8.
    pmc: PMC104084pubmed: 10074174doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.4.3210-3218.1999google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 50 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.