Endoscopic examination of normal paranasal sinuses in horses.
Abstract: The frontal, caudal maxillary, and rostral maxillary sinuses of 10 equine cadavers were examined endoscopically, and the findings were confirmed by sinusotomy. Similar endoscopic examinations were performed in five conscious, adult horses by using sedation and local anesthesia. Useful portals of entry for the arthroscope in adult horses were: for the frontal sinus, 60% of the distance in a lateral direction from midline to the medial canthus and 0.5 cm caudal to the medial canthus; for the caudal maxillary sinus, 2 cm rostral and 2 cm ventral to the medial canthus; and for the rostral maxillary sinus, 50% of the distance from the rostral end of the facial crest to the level of the medial canthus and 1 cm ventral to a line joining the infraorbital foramen and the medial canthus. The frontal sinus portal was most useful for examination of the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses. The caudal maxillary sinus portal was most useful for examining the sphenopalatine sinus. Structures in the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses could be approached surgically by viewing them through the frontal sinus portal and guiding an instrument to them through the caudal maxillary sinus portal. Tooth root identification was reliable for the second and third upper molars in animals older than 5 years, but was more difficult for the rostral teeth and in younger animals. Endoscopy was not difficult to perform and was well tolerated in standing, sedated horses. The only complication of this procedure was mild, local subcutaneous emphysema that resolved spontaneously within 14 days.
Publication Date: 1991-11-01 PubMed ID: 1369526DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1991.tb00350.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research examined endoscopically the structure of normal paranasal sinuses in horses and identified methods for successful endoscopic investigation in conscious horses.
Introduction and Methodology
- The researchers explored the frontal, caudal maxillary, and rostral maxillary sinuses of 10 equine cadavers endoscopically. Then, they confirmed their results through sinusotomy.
- The team also carried out similar examinations in five conscious, adult horses. Sedation and local anesthesia were employed in these procedures to ensure the horses’ calmness and cooperation.
- The researchers identified specific portals of entry for the arthroscope in adult horses including points on the frontal sinus, caudal maxillary sinus, and rostral maxillary sinus. These precise locations were determined using measurable cranial markers and distances.
Results
- The study found that the identified portal for the frontal sinus was most effective for examining the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses.
- The caudal maxillary sinus portal was found to be best for inspecting the sphenopalatine sinus.
- Structures within the frontal and caudal maxillary sinuses could be approached surgically. This was done by viewing them through the frontal sinus portal and directing an instrument to them via the caudal maxillary sinus portal.
- The study also indicated the efficiency of tooth root identification. This was reliable for the second and third upper molars in animals older than 5 years, but proved more challenging for the rostral teeth and in younger animals.
Conclusion
- Endoscopy was demonstrated to be not difficult to carry out and was well-tolerated by standing, sedated horses.
- Regarding the possible complications, only mild, local subcutaneous emphysema was detected, which naturally resolved within 14 days.
- This study is useful as it provides key entry points for endoscopic examination of a horse’s sinuses, paving the way for potential veterinary surgical techniques. It also helps to outline the likely age-related difficulties of tooth root identification.
Cite This Article
APA
Ruggles AJ, Ross MW, Freeman DE.
(1991).
Endoscopic examination of normal paranasal sinuses in horses.
Vet Surg, 20(6), 418-423.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.1991.tb00350.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia, Local / veterinary
- Animals
- Cadaver
- Conscious Sedation / veterinary
- Endoscopy / veterinary
- Frontal Sinus / anatomy & histology
- Frontal Sinus / surgery
- Horses / anatomy & histology
- Maxillary Sinus / anatomy & histology
- Maxillary Sinus / surgery
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Ludwig EK, Byron CR, Lahmers KK, Santos MP. Frontal and caudal maxillary sinus lipoma in a horse.. Can Vet J 2017 May;58(5):503-507.
- De Zani D, Borgonovo S, Biggi M, Vignati S, Scandella M, Lazzaretti S, Modina S, Zani D. Topographic comparative study of paranasal sinuses in adult horses by computed tomography, sinuscopy, and sectional anatomy.. Vet Res Commun 2010 Jun;34 Suppl 1:S13-6.
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