FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2004; 36(7); 576-582; doi: 10.2746/0425164044864525

Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume.

Abstract: Endoscopic scoring of airway mucus quantity and quality has not been critically assessed. Objective: To evaluate mucus scores for 1) observer- and horse-related variance and 2) association with inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and measured volume. Methods: Variance of scoring within and between observers and over time within horses were determined for airway mucus accumulation, apparent viscosity, localisation and colour, and correlations of mucus accumulation scores with neutrophil ratios in secretions. The relationship of accumulation score to measured volumes of 'artificial mucus' was investigated. Correlations of mucus accumulation, apparent viscosity and colour scores with measured viscoelasticity were tested. Viscoelasticity was compared between tracheal secretion samples collected ventrally and dorsally. Results: Mucus accumulation scoring showed excellent interobserver agreement and moderate horse-related variance, was related to measured volumes of 'artificial mucus', and correlated well with neutrophilic airway inflammation. Scores of mucus viscosity, colour and localisation showed high observer-related variance. Mucus accumulation, apparent viscosity and colour scores did not correlate with measured tracheal mucus viscoelasticity, but dorsally-localised mucus showed 2-fold higher measured viscoelasticity than ventrally-localised samples. Conclusions: Mucus accumulation scores are a reproducible measure of mucus volumes in the trachea. Conclusions: Endoscopic scoring of mucus accumulation is a reliable clinical and research tool. In contrast, apparent viscosity, localisation and colour scores should be interpreted with caution.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2004-12-08 PubMed ID: 15581321DOI: 10.2746/0425164044864525Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research analyzes the effectiveness and reliability of endoscopic scoring for airway mucus. The study reveals that mucus accumulation scores are consistently reproducible and hence, reliable. However, scores for apparent viscosity, mucus placement, and color display high variance and should be interpreted with caution.

Objective and Methodology

  • The primary objective of the research is to evaluate the interobserver and horse-related variance in mucus scores and to assess its relationship with inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity, and measured volume.
  • The researchers determined the variance of scoring within and between observers and over time within horses for airway mucus accumulation, apparent viscosity, localization, and color.
  • The correlation between mucus accumulation scores and neutrophil ratios in secretions was investigated, along with the relationship of accumulation score to the measured volumes of ‘artificial mucus’.
  • The research then tested correlations of mucus accumulation, apparent viscosity and color scores with the measured viscoelasticity.
  • Finally, the viscoelasticity was compared between tracheal secretion samples collected ventrally and dorsally.

Results and Conclusion

  • The study confirms that mucus accumulation scoring demonstrates superior agreement among different observers and moderate horse-related variance. Furthermore, it has a robust relationship with the measured volumes of ‘artificial mucus’ and aligns well with neutrophilic airway inflammation.
  • Contrarily, the scores for mucus viscosity, color, and localization demonstrated high observer-related variance, which questions their reliability.
  • Mucus accumulation, apparent viscosity, and color scores could not establish a strong correlation with tracheal mucus viscoelasticity. However, it was found that mucus localized dorsally had 2-fold higher measured viscoelasticity than ventrally-localized samples.
  • In conclusion, while mucus accumulation scores offer a reliable measure of mucus volumes in trachea, scarcity of uniformity in scoring for apparent viscosity, localization, and color requires these parameters to be interpreted with caution. The research underscores the value of endoscopic scoring of mucus accumulation as a reliable tool in clinical and research settings.

Cite This Article

APA
Gerber V, Straub R, Marti E, Hauptman J, Herholz C, King M, Imhof A, Tahon L, Robinson NE. (2004). Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume. Equine Vet J, 36(7), 576-582. https://doi.org/10.2746/0425164044864525

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 0425-1644
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 36
Issue: 7
Pages: 576-582

Researcher Affiliations

Gerber, V
  • Pulmonary Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, E Lansing, USA.
Straub, R
    Marti, E
      Hauptman, J
        Herholz, C
          King, M
            Imhof, A
              Tahon, L
                Robinson, N E

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Animals
                  • Endoscopy / veterinary
                  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
                  • Horse Diseases / pathology
                  • Horses
                  • Inflammation / diagnosis
                  • Inflammation / pathology
                  • Inflammation / veterinary
                  • Mucus / metabolism
                  • Mucus / physiology
                  • Observer Variation
                  • Pigmentation
                  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / diagnosis
                  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / pathology
                  • Respiratory Tract Diseases / veterinary
                  • Viscosity

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 69 times.
                  1. Frippiat T, Art T, Tosi I. Airway Hyperresponsiveness, but Not Bronchoalveolar Inflammatory Cytokines Profiles, Is Modified at the Subclinical Onset of Severe Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 1;13(15).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani13152485pubmed: 37570294google scholar: lookup
                  2. Höglund N, Nieminen P, Mustonen AM, Käkelä R, Tollis S, Koho N, Holopainen M, Ruhanen H, Mykkänen A. Fatty acid fingerprints in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and its extracellular vesicles reflect equine asthma severity. Sci Rep 2023 Jun 17;13(1):9821.
                    doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36697-xpubmed: 37330591google scholar: lookup
                  3. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Medical causes of poor performance and their associations with fitness in Standardbred racehorses. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jul-Aug;37(4):1514-1527.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16734pubmed: 37148147google scholar: lookup
                  4. Cullinane A, Garvey M, Walsh C, Gibbons J, Creighton A. A Scoping Review of Non-Structural Airway Disease as a Cause of Poor Performance in Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 27;13(3).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani13030429pubmed: 36766318google scholar: lookup
                  5. Padoan E, Ferraresso S, Pegolo S, Barnini C, Castagnaro M, Bargelloni L. Gene Expression Profiles of the Immuno-Transcriptome in Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 20;13(1).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani13010004pubmed: 36611613google scholar: lookup
                  6. Finger MA, Biava JS, Dornbusch PT, Perotta JH, Ullmann LS, Serpa PBDS, Kmetiuk LB, Dos Santos AP, Biondo AW, Leutenegger C, Filho IRB. Molecular detection of equid herpesvirus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asymptomatic horses in Southern Brazil. Vet World 2022 Nov;15(11):2597-2602.
                    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2597-2602pubmed: 36590117google scholar: lookup
                  7. Wyler M, Sage SE, Marti E, White S, Gerber V. Protein microarray allergen profiling in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of horses with asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):328-337.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16600pubmed: 36479920google scholar: lookup
                  8. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Ferrucci F. Impact of Lower Airway Inflammation on Fitness Parameters in Standardbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 21;12(22).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani12223228pubmed: 36428455google scholar: lookup
                  9. Sage SE, Nicholson P, Leeb T, Gerber V, Jagannathan V. Long-Read Transcriptome of Equine Bronchoalveolar Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022 Sep 25;13(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/genes13101722pubmed: 36292607google scholar: lookup
                  10. Minuto J, Bedenice D, Ceresia M, Zaghloul I, Böhlke M, Mazan MR. Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of nebulized lidocaine in healthy horses. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:984108.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.984108pubmed: 36187809google scholar: lookup
                  11. Stucchi L, Lo Feudo CM, Stancari G, Conturba B, Ferrucci F. Effect of the Administration of a Nutraceutical Supplement in Racehorses with Lower Airway Inflammation. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 19;12(18).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani12182479pubmed: 36139339google scholar: lookup
                  12. Janssen P, Tosi I, Hego A, Maréchal P, Marichal T, Radermecker C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Found in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids of Horses With Severe Asthma and Correlate With Asthma Severity. Front Immunol 2022;13:921077.
                    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921077pubmed: 35911691google scholar: lookup
                  13. Gressler AE, Lübke S, Wagner B, Arnold C, Lohmann KL, Schnabel CL. Comprehensive Flow Cytometric Characterization of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells Indicates Comparable Phenotypes Between Asthmatic and Healthy Horses But Functional Lymphocyte Differences. Front Immunol 2022;13:896255.
                    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896255pubmed: 35874777google scholar: lookup
                  14. Lo Feudo CM, Stancari G, Collavo F, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Upper and Lower Airways Evaluation and Its Relationship with Dynamic Upper Airway Obstruction in Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jun 17;12(12).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani12121563pubmed: 35739899google scholar: lookup
                  15. Mönki J, Saastamoinen M, Karikoski N, Norring M, Rajamäki M, Mykkänen A. Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Comparison of Two Peat Beddings, Wood Pellet, and Straw Pellet. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:799645.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.799645pubmed: 34977227google scholar: lookup
                  16. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Alberti E, Stancari G, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. The Role of Thoracic Ultrasonography and Airway Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Equine Asthma and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage. Vet Sci 2021 Nov 15;8(11).
                    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8110276pubmed: 34822649google scholar: lookup
                  17. Herteman N, Mosing M, Waldmann AD, Gerber V, Schoster A. Exercise-induced airflow changes in horses with asthma measured by electrical impedance tomography. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2500-2510.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16260pubmed: 34505734google scholar: lookup
                  18. Mönki J, Saastamoinen M, Karikoski N, Rajamäki M, Raekallio M, Junnila J, Särkijärvi S, Norring M, Valros A, Oranen Ben Fatma S, Mykkänen A. Effects of Bedding Material on Equine Lower Airway Inflammation: A Crossover Study Comparing Peat and Wood Shavings. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:656814.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.656814pubmed: 33898547google scholar: lookup
                  19. Bazzano M, Laghi L, Zhu C, Magi GE, Tesei B, Laus F. Respiratory metabolites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can differentiate horses affected by severe equine asthma from healthy horses. BMC Vet Res 2020 Jul 8;16(1):233.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02446-9pubmed: 32641035google scholar: lookup
                  20. Manguin E, Pépin E, Boivin R, Leclere M. Tracheal microbial populations in horses with moderate asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Mar;34(2):986-995.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15707pubmed: 31985115google scholar: lookup
                  21. Bond SL, Greco-Otto P, MacLeod J, Galezowski A, Bayly W, Léguillette R. Efficacy of dexamethasone, salbutamol, and reduced respirable particulate concentration on aerobic capacity in horses with smoke-induced mild asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Mar;34(2):979-985.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15696pubmed: 31953974google scholar: lookup
                  22. Raudsepp T, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Petersen JL. Ten years of the horse reference genome: insights into equine biology, domestication and population dynamics in the post-genome era. Anim Genet 2019 Dec;50(6):569-597.
                    doi: 10.1111/age.12857pubmed: 31568563google scholar: lookup
                  23. Klier J, Bartl C, Geuder S, Geh KJ, Reese S, Goehring LS, Winter G, Gehlen H. Immunomodulatory asthma therapy in the equine animal model: A dose-response study and evaluation of a long-term effect. Immun Inflamm Dis 2019 Sep;7(3):130-149.
                    doi: 10.1002/iid3.252pubmed: 31141308google scholar: lookup
                  24. Dauvillier J, Ter Woort F, van Erck-Westergren E. Fungi in respiratory samples of horses with inflammatory airway disease. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Mar;33(2):968-975.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15397pubmed: 30576012google scholar: lookup
                  25. Orard M, Hue E, Couroucé A, Bizon-Mercier C, Toquet MP, Moore-Colyer M, Couëtil L, Pronost S, Paillot R, Demoor M, Richard EA. The influence of hay steaming on clinical signs and airway immune response in severe asthmatic horses. BMC Vet Res 2018 Nov 15;14(1):345.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1636-4pubmed: 30442129google scholar: lookup
                  26. Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Moore GE. An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1754-1762.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15226pubmed: 30222207google scholar: lookup
                  27. Mainguy-Seers S, Picotte K, Lavoie JP. Efficacy of tamoxifen for the treatment of severe equine asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1748-1753.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15289pubmed: 30084157google scholar: lookup
                  28. Husulak ML, Manning ST, Meachem MD, Burgess HJ, Epp TY, Montgomery JB. Does antimicrobial therapy improve outcomes in horses with severe equine asthma and a positive tracheal wash bacterial culture?. Can J Vet Res 2018 Jul;82(3):184-191.
                    pubmed: 30026642
                  29. Rossi H, Virtala AM, Raekallio M, Rahkonen E, Rajamäki MM, Mykkänen A. Comparison of Tracheal Wash and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in 154 Horses With and Without Respiratory Signs in a Referral Hospital Over 2009-2015. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:61.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00061pubmed: 29632867google scholar: lookup
                  30. Padalino B, Raidal SL, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Behaviour during transportation predicts stress response and lower airway contamination in horses. PLoS One 2018;13(3):e0194272.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194272pubmed: 29566072google scholar: lookup
                  31. Klier J, Geis S, Steuer J, Geh K, Reese S, Fuchs S, Mueller RS, Winter G, Gehlen H. A comparison of nanoparticullate CpG immunotherapy with and without allergens in spontaneously equine asthma-affected horses, an animal model. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018 Mar;6(1):81-96.
                    doi: 10.1002/iid3.198pubmed: 29094511google scholar: lookup
                  32. da Silva KM, Otaka JNP, Gonçalves CAP, Silva EGA, de Alencar NX, Lessa DAB. Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and inflammatory airway disease in polo ponies. J Equine Sci 2017;28(2):55-59.
                    doi: 10.1294/jes.28.55pubmed: 28721124google scholar: lookup
                  33. Barton AK, Shety T, Bondzio A, Einspanier R, Gehlen H. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are influenced by inhalative glucocorticoid therapy in combination with environmental dust reduction in equine recurrent airway obstruction. BMC Vet Res 2016 Dec 9;12(1):282.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0915-1pubmed: 27938355google scholar: lookup
                  34. Doubli-Bounoua N, Richard EA, Léon A, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. Multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses. Virol J 2016 Nov 29;13(1):197.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5pubmed: 27899161google scholar: lookup
                  35. Burnheim K, Hughes KJ, Evans DL, Raidal SL. Reliability of breath by breath spirometry and relative flow-time indices for pulmonary function testing in horses. BMC Vet Res 2016 Nov 28;12(1):268.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0893-3pubmed: 27894292google scholar: lookup
                  36. Léguillette R, Steinmann M, Bond SL, Stanton B. Tracheobronchoscopic Assessment of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Airway Inflammation in Barrel Racing Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Jul;30(4):1327-32.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13959pubmed: 27278854google scholar: lookup
                  37. Barton AK, Shety T, Bondzio A, Einspanier R, Gehlen H. Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Comparison between Different Chronic Pneumopathies in the Horse. Mediators Inflamm 2015;2015:569512.
                    doi: 10.1155/2015/569512pubmed: 26770019google scholar: lookup
                  38. Klier J, Lehmann B, Fuchs S, Reese S, Hirschmann A, Coester C, Winter G, Gehlen H. Nanoparticulate CpG immunotherapy in RAO-affected horses: phase I and IIa study. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Jan;29(1):286-93.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12524pubmed: 25619520google scholar: lookup
                  39. Jean D, Picandet V, Céleste C, Macieira S, Cesarini C, Morisset S, Rossier Y, Marcoux M. Palatal sclerotherapy for the treatment of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in 51 standardbred racehorses. Can Vet J 2011 Nov;52(11):1203-8.
                    pubmed: 22547840
                  40. Klier J, Fuchs S, May A, Schillinger U, Plank C, Winter G, Coester C, Gehlen H. A nebulized gelatin nanoparticle-based CpG formulation is effective in immunotherapy of allergic horses. Pharm Res 2012 Jun;29(6):1650-7.
                    doi: 10.1007/s11095-012-0686-8pubmed: 22302522google scholar: lookup
                  41. Racine J, Gerber V, Feutz MM, Riley CP, Adamec J, Swinburne JE, Couetil LL. Comparison of genomic and proteomic data in recurrent airway obstruction affected horses using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis®. BMC Vet Res 2011 Aug 15;7:48.
                    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-48pubmed: 21843342google scholar: lookup
                  42. Rousseau K, Cardwell JM, Humphrey E, Newton R, Knight D, Clegg P, Thornton DJ. Muc5b is the major polymeric mucin in mucus from thoroughbred horses with and without airway mucus accumulation. PLoS One 2011;6(5):e19678.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019678pubmed: 21602926google scholar: lookup
                  43. Wålinder R, Riihimäki M, Bohlin S, Hogstedt C, Nordquist T, Raine A, Pringle J, Elfman L. Installation of mechanical ventilation in a horse stable: effects on air quality and human and equine airways. Environ Health Prev Med 2011 Jul;16(4):264-72.
                    doi: 10.1007/s12199-010-0195-5pubmed: 21431789google scholar: lookup
                  44. Swinburne JE, Bogle H, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Drögemüller M, Leeb T, Temperton E, Dolf G, Gerber V. A whole-genome scan for recurrent airway obstruction in Warmblood sport horses indicates two positional candidate regions. Mamm Genome 2009 Aug;20(8):504-15.
                    doi: 10.1007/s00335-009-9214-5pubmed: 19760324google scholar: lookup
                  45. Lendl L, Wirth C, Merle R, Barton AK. Influence of a Standardized Lunging Exercise Test on BALF Cytology in Horses Suffering from Mild-Moderate Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2025 Aug 19;15(16).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani15162428pubmed: 40867756google scholar: lookup
                  46. Röschmann J, Naef J, Doras C, Gerber V. Respiratory Rate Recovery After Submaximal Lunging Exercise Is Delayed in Asthmatic Horses with Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation. Animals (Basel) 2025 Mar 2;15(5).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani15050713pubmed: 40075996google scholar: lookup
                  47. Hansen S, Otten ND, Ceron JJ, González-Arostegui LG, Peres-Rubio C. Redox Biomarker Variations With Severity of Asthma in Horses Across Different Sample Types. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e70031.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70031pubmed: 40035177google scholar: lookup
                  48. Sanz MG, Jellen G, Cody L, Bergsma J, Cha M, Kogan C, Kordas G, Bayly WM, Leguillette R. Use of inhaled ciclesonide for treatment of moderate asthma in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e17267.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17267pubmed: 39945569google scholar: lookup
                  49. Lendl L, Barton AK. Equine Asthma Diagnostics: Review of Influencing Factors and Difficulties in Diagnosing Subclinical Disease. Animals (Basel) 2024 Dec 4;14(23).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani14233504pubmed: 39682469google scholar: lookup
                  50. Mazzei M, Sorvillo B, Sgorbini M, Bindi F, Perelli A, Laus F. The Role of Viral Pathogens in Horse Respiratory Diseases: A Cytological and Molecular Approach Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2024 Nov 21;14(23).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani14233347pubmed: 39682313google scholar: lookup
                  51. Meiseberg LK, Delarocque J, de Buhr N, Ohnesorge B. Clinical variability of equine asthma phenotypes and analysis of diagnostic steps in phenotype differentiation. Acta Vet Scand 2024 Sep 18;66(1):51.
                    doi: 10.1186/s13028-024-00773-7pubmed: 39294710google scholar: lookup
                  52. Nyerges-Bohák Z, Kovács L, Povázsai Á, Hamar E, Póti P, Ladányi M. Heart rate variability in horses with and without severe equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):611-618.
                    doi: 10.1111/evj.14414pubmed: 39275917google scholar: lookup
                  53. Dély S, Gerber V, Peters LM, Sage SE. Association between equine asthma and fungal elements in the tracheal wash: An environment-matched case-control study. PLoS One 2024;19(9):e0309835.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309835pubmed: 39240830google scholar: lookup
                  54. Symoens A, Westerfeld R, Vives BM, André V, Moulon L, Collomb M, Richard H, Juette T, Bédard C, Leclère M. Steamed hay and alfalfa pellets for the management of severe equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):756-765.
                    doi: 10.1111/evj.14209pubmed: 39164027google scholar: lookup
                  55. Lo Feudo CM, Ferrucci F, Bizzotto D, Dellacà R, Lavoie JP, Stucchi L. Differences in pulmonary function measured by oscillometry between horses with mild-moderate equine asthma and healthy controls. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):619-628.
                    doi: 10.1111/evj.14206pubmed: 39134475google scholar: lookup
                  56. Höglund N, Rossi H, Javela HM, Oikari S, Nieminen P, Mustonen AM, Airas N, Kärjä V, Mykkänen A. The amount of hyaluronic acid and airway remodelling increase with the severity of inflammation in neutrophilic equine asthma. BMC Vet Res 2024 Jun 25;20(1):273.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04136-2pubmed: 38918797google scholar: lookup
                  57. Massie S, Bayly W, Ohmura H, Takahashi Y, Mukai K, Léguillette R. Field-training in young two-year-old thoroughbreds: investigating cardiorespiratory adaptations and the presence of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage. BMC Vet Res 2024 Apr 26;20(1):159.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03997-xpubmed: 38671428google scholar: lookup
                  58. Kowalik S, O'reilly M, Niedźwiedź A, Kędzierski W. Equine Asthma Does Not Affect Circulating Myostatin Concentrations in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2024 Mar 4;14(5).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani14050799pubmed: 38473184google scholar: lookup
                  59. Tavanaeimanesh H, Alinia Z, Sadeghian Chaleshtori S, Moosavian H, Mohebi Z, Daneshi M. The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in decreasing airway inflammation and mucus accumulation in horses with 18 hours of head confinement. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Mar-Apr;38(2):1224-1231.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16976pubmed: 38236790google scholar: lookup
                  60. Bond S, Léguillette R. A CONSORT-guided, randomized controlled clinical trial of nebulized administration of dexamethasone and saline on lower airway cytokine mRNA expression in horses with moderate asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Mar-Apr;38(2):1214-1223.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16983pubmed: 38205666google scholar: lookup
                  61. Simões J, Tilley P. Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma-Diagnosis and Monitoring. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 16;13(24).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani13243872pubmed: 38136909google scholar: lookup
                  62. White SJ, Couetil L, Richard EA, Marti E, Wilson PB. Microarray molecular mapping of horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Jan-Feb;38(1):477-484.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16951pubmed: 38071496google scholar: lookup
                  63. Robins TJ, Bedenice D, Mazan M. A Longitudinal Analysis of Equine Asthma Presentation and Response to Treatment Using Lung Function Testing and BAL Cytology Analysis in Combination with Owner Perception. Animals (Basel) 2023 Nov 1;13(21).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani13213387pubmed: 37958142google scholar: lookup
                  64. Lee DF, Everest DJ, Cooley W, Chambers MA. Investigation of nasal epithelial cells as a surrogate for bronchial epithelial cells in the research of equine asthma. PLoS One 2023;18(11):e0293956.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293956pubmed: 37943759google scholar: lookup
                  65. Westerfeld R, Payette F, Dubuc V, Manguin E, Picotte K, Beauchamp G, Bédard C, Leclere M. Effects of soaked hay on lung function and airway inflammation in horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Jan-Feb;38(1):469-476.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16919pubmed: 37930110google scholar: lookup
                  66. Simões J, Sales Luís JP, Madeira de Carvalho L, Tilley P. Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates. Animals (Basel) 2023 Sep 15;13(18).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani13182928pubmed: 37760328google scholar: lookup
                  67. Nath LC, Elliott A, La Gerche A, Weir J, Forbes G, Thomas G, Franklin S. Associations between postrace atrial fibrillation and measures of performance, racing history and airway disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Nov-Dec;37(6):2573-2583.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16878pubmed: 37740606google scholar: lookup
                  68. Kozłowska N, Wierzbicka M, Pawliński B, Domino M. Co-Occurrence of Severe Equine Asthma and Palatal Disorders in Privately Owned Pleasure Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jun 12;13(12).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani13121962pubmed: 37370472google scholar: lookup
                  69. van der Vossen N, Cavalcante P, Glynn S, Achappa D, Mehmood W, Oikawa M, Vinardell T, Jamieson C. A case-control study of atypical guttural pouch empyema in Arabian foals. Vet Med Sci 2023 Jul;9(4):1599-1609.
                    doi: 10.1002/vms3.1142pubmed: 37221932google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.