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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Equine Asthma Diagnostics: Review of Influencing Factors and...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(23); 3504; doi: 10.3390/ani14233504

Equine Asthma Diagnostics: Review of Influencing Factors and Difficulties in Diagnosing Subclinical Disease.

Abstract: This literature review focuses on diagnostics of equine asthma (EA), possible influencing factors on diagnostic techniques and latest developments in diagnosing horses during EA remission or with subclinical disease. Routine EA diagnostics include a clinical examination of the respiratory system with percussion and auscultation including a rebreathing examination, and clinical pathology including white blood cells and arterial blood gas analysis. Subsequent diagnostics include bronchoscopy to evaluate the amount and viscosity of respiratory secretion, bronchoalveolar lavage, and the cytology of tracheal aspirates (TAs) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The grading of EA severity is built on respiratory effort at rest, which is increased in severe equine asthma. The inflammatory subtype is based on BALF cytology, while TA cytology helps to rule out previous bacterial infections. Different factors have an impact on the airways regarding the structure of the epithelium, cytology, and inflammatory markers possibly influencing the diagnosis of EA. Short-term exercise increases the total cell count and inflammatory mediators identified in the BALF of human patients, asymptomatic horses, and other species. Other factors involve cold or chlorinated air, long-term training effects, and concurrent additional respiratory disease, in particular exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. As BALF cytology may be unremarkable during EA remission and low-grade disease, exercise tests and other factors stressing the bronchial epithelium may help to diagnose these patients.
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Publication Date: 2024-12-04 PubMed ID: 39682469PubMed Central: PMC11640047DOI: 10.3390/ani14233504Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article delves into equine asthma diagnostics with a particular emphasis on the challenges of diagnosing subclinical disease and the factors potentially influencing diagnostic techniques.

Overview of Equine Asthma Diagnostics

  • This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the diagnosis methods used in detecting equine asthma. Regular diagnostic practices involve a clinical examination of the horse’s respiratory system, including an assessment of the horse’s blood for white blood cells and arterial blood gas analyses.
  • Additional diagnostics include the use of bronchoscopy to measure and monitor respiratory secretion, bronchoalveolar lavage, and the cytology (study of cells) of tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
  • The grading of equine asthma severity is done by observing a horse’s resting respiratory rate. High resting respiratory rates point to severe equine asthma.

Cytology and Inflammatory Markers

  • Inflammatory subtypes in horses with equine asthma are identified using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Tracheal aspirate cytology, on the other hand, is utilized to rule out the presence of prior bacterial infections.
  • The structure of the epithelium (the tissue lining the bronchial tubes), cytology (study of cells), and inflammatory markers may potentially impact the diagnosis of equine asthma.

Impact of Exercise and Other Factors

  • Short-term exercise is found to increase the total cell count and inflammatory mediators in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This observation holds in humans, asymptomatic horses, and other species.
  • Other factors which may affect diagnosis include exposure to cold or chlorinated air, long-term effects of training, and other concurrent respiratory conditions, specifically exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.

Diagnosing Remission and Low-Grade Disease

  • For horses in equine asthma remission or with low-grade disease, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology may show no noticeable changes prompting the need for other diagnostic techniques. Exercise tests and other variables that stress the bronchial epithelium can help in the diagnosis of these cases.

Cite This Article

APA
Lendl L, Barton AK. (2024). Equine Asthma Diagnostics: Review of Influencing Factors and Difficulties in Diagnosing Subclinical Disease. Animals (Basel), 14(23), 3504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233504

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 23
PII: 3504

Researcher Affiliations

Lendl, Lioba
  • Equine Clinic Hochmoor, Ruthmannstr. 10, 48712 Gescher, Germany.
Barton, Ann Kristin
  • Equine Clinic Hochmoor, Ruthmannstr. 10, 48712 Gescher, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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