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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Equine Herpesvirus Infections: Treatment Progress and Challe...
Veterinary sciences2025; 12(11); 1082; doi: 10.3390/vetsci12111082

Equine Herpesvirus Infections: Treatment Progress and Challenges in Horses and Donkeys.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus (EHV) infections represent a significant global veterinary and economic challenge affecting both horses and donkeys across all inhabited continents. This narrative review comprehensively examines the nine distinct EHV species (EHV-1 through EHV-9), their taxonomic classification within Alphaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae subfamilies, and their diverse host tropism patterns. The complex molecular pathogenesis involves sophisticated viral glycoproteins (gK, gB, gC, gH, gM, gL, gG, gD, gI, gE) that orchestrate cellular invasion, immune evasion, and intercellular transmission. Clinical manifestations vary considerably, ranging from respiratory diseases and reproductive failures to severe neurological disorders, with EHV-1 demonstrating the most severe presentations including myeloencephalopathy. Global distribution analysis reveals widespread circulation across Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, with species-specific clinical patterns. Current therapeutic options remain largely supportive, with experimental compounds like berbamine and cepharanthine, celastrol, blebbistatin, and hyperoside showing promise in preclinical studies. Vaccination programs demonstrate limited effectiveness, failing to prevent transmission at population levels despite inducing individual immune responses. The sophisticated immune evasion strategies employed by EHVs, including the "Trojan horse" mechanism utilizing infected leukocytes, highlight the complexity of host-pathogen interactions and underscore the urgent need for innovative prevention and treatment strategies.
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Publication Date: 2025-11-13 PubMed ID: 41295720PubMed Central: PMC12656896DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12111082Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equine herpesvirus (EHV) infections affect horses and donkeys worldwide, causing a range of diseases from mild respiratory issues to severe neurological conditions, with current treatments mainly supportive and vaccines not fully preventing spread.

Overview of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV) Species and Classification

  • There are nine distinct EHV species, numbered EHV-1 through EHV-9.
  • These viruses belong to two subfamilies within the Herpesviridae family: Alphaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae.
  • The different species exhibit diverse host tropism, infecting horses and donkeys but with varying disease manifestations and severity.

Molecular Pathogenesis and Viral Glycoproteins

  • EHVs use a complex array of viral glycoproteins such as gK, gB, gC, gH, gM, gL, gG, gD, gI, and gE to mediate infection.
  • These glycoproteins play essential roles in:
    • Penetrating host cells
    • Evading the host immune system
    • Facilitating spread between cells
  • The virus’s sophisticated mechanisms allow it to establish infection, persist, and transmit efficiently within host populations.

Clinical Manifestations Across Infected Species

  • EHVs cause a wide range of diseases, which depend on the specific virus species:
    • Respiratory disease (commonly cough, nasal discharge)
    • Reproductive failure such as abortions in pregnant mares
    • Neurological disorders including myeloencephalopathy, especially pronounced in EHV-1 infections
  • EHV-1 is noted for causing the most severe disease presentations.

Global Distribution and Epidemiology

  • EHVs are found worldwide, infecting equids across continents including Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania.
  • Each geographic region may see different dominant EHV species and disease patterns.

Current Therapeutic Options and Experimental Treatments

  • Currently, therapy for EHV infections is primarily supportive, aimed at alleviating symptoms rather than curing the infection.
  • Experimental antiviral compounds showing potential in preclinical models include:
    • Berbamine
    • Cepharanthine
    • Celastrol
    • Blebbistatin
    • Hyperoside
  • Further research is needed to develop effective, targeted antiviral therapies for equine herpesviruses.

Vaccination and Immune Evasion Challenges

  • Vaccines against EHV induce immune responses but have limited effectiveness in preventing viral transmission on a population scale.
  • The viruses use sophisticated immune evasion strategies, notably the “Trojan horse” mechanism where infected leukocytes carry the virus, helping it evade immune detection.
  • This complexity in host-pathogen interaction makes disease control challenging and highlights the urgent need for novel prevention strategies.

Conclusion and Future Directions

  • EHV infections present ongoing veterinary and economic challenges globally, affecting both horses and donkeys.
  • Improved understanding of viral molecular biology, immune evasion, and pathogenesis is critical to developing better treatments and vaccines.
  • Innovative antiviral agents and effective vaccines remain an urgent research priority to reduce disease burden and transmission.

Cite This Article

APA
Khan MZ, Ji Y, Fan X, Liu Y, Liu W, Wang C. (2025). Equine Herpesvirus Infections: Treatment Progress and Challenges in Horses and Donkeys. Vet Sci, 12(11), 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12111082

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 11
PII: 1082

Researcher Affiliations

Khan, Muhammad Zahoor
  • College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
Ji, Yanfei
  • College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
Fan, Xuewei
  • Heilongjiang Agricultural Economy Vocational College, Mudanjiang 157041, China.
Liu, Yihong
  • College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
Liu, Wenqiang
  • College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
Wang, Changfa
  • College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.

Grant Funding

  • 2023YFD1302004; 2022YFD1600103 / This work was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared no conflicting interests.

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