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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet J / Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)–epidemiol...
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)2005; 170(1); 14-23; doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018

Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)–epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.

Abstract: This review concentrates on the epidemiology, latency and pathogenesis of, and the approaches taken to control infection of horses by equine herpesvirus types 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4). Although both viruses may cause febrile rhinopneumonitis, EHV-1 is the main cause of abortions, paresis and neonatal foal deaths. The lesion central to these three conditions is necrotising vasculitis and thrombosis resulting from lytic infection of endothelial cells lining blood capillaries. The initiation of infection in these lesions is likely to be by reactivated EHV-1 from latently infected leukocytes. However, host factors responsible for reactivation remain poorly understood. While vaccine development against these important viruses of equines involving classical and modern approaches has been ongoing for over five decades, progress, compared to other alpha herpesviruses of veterinary importance affecting cattle and pigs, has been slow. However recent data with a live temperature sensitive EHV-1 vaccine show promise.
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Publication Date: 2005-07-05 PubMed ID: 15993786DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article gives a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, disease manifestation and prevention procedures for the equine herpes viruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) in horses, with the EHV-1 known to cause severe conditions including abortions, paralysis, and neonatal deaths.

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of EHV-1 and EHV-4

  • The research studies the distribution, patterns and causes of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections in horses. From the data, the herpesvirus types 1 and 4 are prevalent in horses, with EHV-1 causing more severe symptoms.
  • Both EHV-1 and EHV-4 induce a disease known as febrile rhinopneumonitis (a respiratory infection with fever) in horses. However, EHV-1 also engenders more serious health complications like abortions, paralysis (paresis), and neonatal foal deaths.
  • The main pathological marker in these severe conditions is necrotising vasculitis and thrombosis, which is essentially the damage and clotting within the blood vessels. This results from lytic infection (cell rupture and death) of endothelial cells, which make up the lining of blood capillaries, by the herpes viruses.

Latency of EHV-1 and EHV-4

  • The research examines the latency of the viruses, in other words, their ability to become dormant and then reactivate at a later stage. The identification of these inflammatory conditions is largely attributed to the reactivation of latent EHV-1 hiding within leukocytes, which are types of white blood cells.
  • Despite the conclusion, it is not quite clear as to the exact host factors (attributes specific to the horses themselves) that allow for the reactivation of the dormant EHV-1 virus. This component is stated as quite poorly understood in the research.

Immunoprophylaxis: Preventive Measures against EHV-1 and EHV-4

  • This section of the research is dedicated to preventive measures against the EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections in horses, with particular focus on vaccine development.
  • Efforts to create a vaccine against these equine herpes viruses have been going on for over five decades, using both traditional and modern vaccine production methods.
  • However, the progress of these developments is described as relatively slow when compared to advances in vaccine production for other similar alpha herpesviruses affecting cattle and pigs.
  • Despite the slower pace of development, the review mentions promising recent data from a novel EHV-1 vaccine, which employs a live temperature-sensitive strain of the virus, indicating potential for progress in effective immunization against these equine herpesviruses.

Cite This Article

APA
Patel JR, Heldens J. (2005). Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)–epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review. Vet J, 170(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018

Publication

Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)
ISSN: 1090-0233
NlmUniqueID: 9706281
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 170
Issue: 1
Pages: 14-23

Researcher Affiliations

Patel, J R
  • Intervet UK Ltd., The Elms, Thicket Road, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE28 2BQ, UK. jay.patel@intervet.com
Heldens, J

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Global Health
    • Herpesviridae Infections / epidemiology
    • Herpesviridae Infections / prevention & control
    • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
    • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
    • Herpesvirus 4, Equid / immunology
    • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
    • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
    • Horses
    • Vaccination / veterinary
    • Viral Vaccines / therapeutic use

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    This article has been cited 63 times.
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