FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Virol / Equine infectious anemia virus replication is upregulated du...
Journal of virology1996; 70(1); 590-594; doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.1.590-594.1996

Equine infectious anemia virus replication is upregulated during differentiation of blood monocytes from acutely infected horses.

Abstract: Equine infectious anemia virus is a lentivirus that replicates in mature tissue macrophages of horses. Ponies were infected with equine infectious anemia virus. During febrile episodes, proviral DNA was detectable, but viral mRNA was not detectable. As cultured blood monocytes from these ponies differentiated into macrophages, viral expression was upregulated. In situ hybridization confirmed that viral transcription occurred in mature macrophages.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1996-01-01 PubMed ID: 8523576PubMed Central: PMC189850DOI: 10.1128/JVI.70.1.590-594.1996Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study explains that the replication of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a virus in horses, is heightened during the differentiation of blood monocytes in infected animals.

Overview and Objectives

  • The research aimed to understand the behavior of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) during a horse’s immune response, specifically during the differentiation of blood monocytes.
  • Given that EIAV replicates in mature tissue macrophages of horses, the scientists were interested in determining whether this process could be detected and observed during varying stages of the immune response.

Methodology

  • The study began by infecting ponies with EIAV to study its progression and the ensuing immune response.
  • During the ponies’ febrile episodes (fever conditions often associated with an immune response to infection), the team looked for proviral DNA – an indicator of viral replication. They were successful in detecting this.
  • Simultaneously, they looked for viral mRNA, a molecule that carries codes from the DNA for protein synthesis, but in this case, they found none.

Results and Findings

  • Researchers then shifted focus to the study of blood monocytes from the infected ponies. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to respond to an infection.
  • They observed that as these monocytes transformed into macrophages, there was a significant increase in viral expression (meaning the virus was replicating more during this stage).
  • In situ hybridization tests, a form of DNA labeling, were performed to track and confirm these results, which solidified the evidence that viral transcription (the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence) indeed occurred in the mature macrophages.

Implications

  • The results of this research add valuable knowledge about the lifecycle and behavior of EIAV during the stages of monocyte differentiation.
  • This understanding could potentially be leveraged in future treatment strategies focused on modulating macrophage responses or preventing monocyte differentiation to slow down or halt EIAV replication.

Cite This Article

APA
Sellon DC, Walker KM, Russell KE, Perry ST, Covington P, Fuller FJ. (1996). Equine infectious anemia virus replication is upregulated during differentiation of blood monocytes from acutely infected horses. J Virol, 70(1), 590-594. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.1.590-594.1996

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 0022-538X
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 70
Issue: 1
Pages: 590-594

Researcher Affiliations

Sellon, D C
  • Department of Food Animal and Equine Medicine, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27606, USA.
Walker, K M
    Russell, K E
      Perry, S T
        Covington, P
          Fuller, F J

            MeSH Terms

            • Acute Disease
            • Animals
            • Cell Differentiation
            • DNA, Viral
            • Equine Infectious Anemia / blood
            • Equine Infectious Anemia / virology
            • Horses
            • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / isolation & purification
            • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / physiology
            • Monocytes / metabolism
            • Monocytes / virology
            • RNA, Messenger / metabolism
            • RNA, Viral / metabolism
            • Up-Regulation
            • Virus Replication

            Grant Funding

            • CA59278 / NCI NIH HHS
            • K11-AI00963 / NIAID NIH HHS

            References

            This article includes 23 references
            1. Kono Y. Viremia and immunological responses in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1969 Spring;9(1):1-9.
              pubmed: 4306393
            2. Maury W. Monocyte maturation controls expression of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1994 Oct;68(10):6270-9.
              pubmed: 8083967doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.10.6270-6279.1994google scholar: lookup
            3. Kono Y, Hirasawa K, Fukunaga Y, Taniguchi T. Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1976 Spring;16(1):8-15.
              pubmed: 177894
            4. Narayan O, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Sheffer D, Griffin DE, Clements JE. Activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus expression during maturation of monocytes to macrophages.. Infect Immun 1983 Jul;41(1):67-73.
              pubmed: 6862634doi: 10.1128/iai.41.1.67-73.1983google scholar: lookup
            5. Montelaro RC, Parekh B, Orrego A, Issel CJ. Antigenic variation during persistent infection by equine infectious anemia virus, a retrovirus.. J Biol Chem 1984 Aug 25;259(16):10539-44.
              pubmed: 6206055
            6. Salinovich O, Payne SL, Montelaro RC, Hussain KA, Issel CJ, Schnorr KL. Rapid emergence of novel antigenic and genetic variants of equine infectious anemia virus during persistent infection.. J Virol 1986 Jan;57(1):71-80.
              pubmed: 3001367doi: 10.1128/JVI.57.1.71-80.1986google scholar: lookup
            7. Stephens RM, Casey JW, Rice NR. Equine infectious anemia virus gag and pol genes: relatedness to visna and AIDS virus.. Science 1986 Feb 7;231(4738):589-94.
              pubmed: 3003905doi: 10.1126/science.3003905google scholar: lookup
            8. Gendelman HE, Narayan O, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Kennedy PG, Ghotbi Z, Clements JE, Stanley J, Pezeshkpour G. Tropism of sheep lentiviruses for monocytes: susceptibility to infection and virus gene expression increase during maturation of monocytes to macrophages.. J Virol 1986 Apr;58(1):67-74.
              pubmed: 3005660doi: 10.1128/JVI.58.1.67-74.1986google scholar: lookup
            9. Perryman LE, O'Rourke KI, McGuire TC. Immune responses are required to terminate viremia in equine infectious anemia lentivirus infection.. J Virol 1988 Aug;62(8):3073-6.
              pubmed: 2839723doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.8.3073-3076.1988google scholar: lookup
            10. Pauza CD, Galindo J, Richman DD. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of monoblastoid cells: cellular differentiation determines the pattern of virus replication.. J Virol 1988 Oct;62(10):3558-64.
              pubmed: 2458483doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.10.3558-3564.1988google scholar: lookup
            11. Rice NR, Lequarre AS, Casey JW, Lahn S, Stephens RM, Edwards J. Viral DNA in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1989 Dec;63(12):5194-200.
              pubmed: 2555550doi: 10.1128/JVI.63.12.5194-5200.1989google scholar: lookup
            12. Rwambo PM, Issel CJ, Adams WV Jr, Hussain KA, Miller M, Montelaro RC. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) humoral responses of recipient ponies and antigenic variation during persistent infection.. Arch Virol 1990;111(3-4):199-212.
              pubmed: 2162160doi: 10.1007/BF01311054google scholar: lookup
            13. Whetter L, Archambault D, Perry S, Gazit A, Coggins L, Yaniv A, Clabough D, Dahlberg J, Fuller F, Tronick S. Equine infectious anemia virus derived from a molecular clone persistently infects horses.. J Virol 1990 Dec;64(12):5750-6.
              pubmed: 2173767doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.12.5750-5756.1990google scholar: lookup
            14. O'Rourke KI, Besola ML, McGuire TC. Proviral sequences detected by polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood cells of horses with equine infectious anemia lentivirus.. Arch Virol 1991;117(1-2):109-19.
              pubmed: 1848747doi: 10.1007/BF01310496google scholar: lookup
            15. Valentin A, Von Gegerfelt A, Matsuda S, Nilsson K, Asjö B. In vitro maturation of mononuclear phagocytes and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988) 1991;4(8):751-9.
              pubmed: 1856787
            16. Clabough DL, Gebhard D, Flaherty MT, Whetter LE, Perry ST, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1991 Nov;65(11):6242-51.
              pubmed: 1717720doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.11.6242-6251.1991google scholar: lookup
            17. Perry ST, Flaherty MT, Kelley MJ, Clabough DL, Tronick SR, Coggins L, Whetter L, Lengel CR, Fuller F. The surface envelope protein gene region of equine infectious anemia virus is not an important determinant of tropism in vitro.. J Virol 1992 Jul;66(7):4085-97.
              pubmed: 1318398doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.7.4085-4097.1992google scholar: lookup
            18. Sellon DC, Perry ST, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Wild-type equine infectious anemia virus replicates in vivo predominantly in tissue macrophages, not in peripheral blood monocytes.. J Virol 1992 Oct;66(10):5906-13.
              pubmed: 1382143doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.10.5906-5913.1992google scholar: lookup
            19. Levy JA. Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection.. Microbiol Rev 1993 Mar;57(1):183-289.
              pubmed: 8464405doi: 10.1128/mr.57.1.183-289.1993google scholar: lookup
            20. Shattock RJ, Friedland JS, Griffin GE. Release of human immunodeficiency virus by THP-1 cells and human macrophages is regulated by cellular adherence and activation.. J Virol 1993 Jun;67(6):3569-75.
              pubmed: 7684470doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.6.3569-3575.1993google scholar: lookup
            21. Sellon DC, Cullen JM, Whetter LE, Gebhard DH, Coggins L, Fuller FJ. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a cytoplasmic antigen of equine mononuclear phagocytes.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993 May;36(4):303-18.
              pubmed: 8333142doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90027-2google scholar: lookup
            22. Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus.. Virus Res 1994 May;32(2):111-38.
              pubmed: 8067050doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90038-8google scholar: lookup
            23. Kono Y, Fukunaga Y, Kobayashi K. Excretion of equine infectious anemia virus from horses infected with the virus.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1973 Winter;13(4):182-6.
              pubmed: 4366013

            Citations

            This article has been cited 7 times.
            1. Covaleda L, Fuller FJ, Payne SL. EIAV S2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in infected macrophages.. Virology 2010 Feb 5;397(1):217-23.
              doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.005pubmed: 19945727google scholar: lookup
            2. Valas S, Rolland M, Perrin C, Perrin G, Mamoun RZ. Characterization of a new 5' splice site within the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus genome: evidence for a novel auxiliary protein.. Retrovirology 2008 Feb 29;5:22.
              doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-22pubmed: 18312636google scholar: lookup
            3. Nunez R, Gomes-Keller MA, Schwarzwald C, Feige K. Assessment of Equine Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (EAT) by flow cytometry.. BMC Blood Disord 2001;1(1):1.
              doi: 10.1186/1471-2326-1-1pubmed: 11313001google scholar: lookup
            4. Harrold SM, Cook SJ, Cook RF, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Tissue sites of persistent infection and active replication of equine infectious anemia virus during acute disease and asymptomatic infection in experimentally infected equids.. J Virol 2000 Apr;74(7):3112-21.
              doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3112-3121.2000pubmed: 10708426google scholar: lookup
            5. Li F, Leroux C, Craigo JK, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. The S2 gene of equine infectious anemia virus is a highly conserved determinant of viral replication and virulence properties in experimentally infected ponies.. J Virol 2000 Jan;74(1):573-9.
              doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.573-579.2000pubmed: 10590152google scholar: lookup
            6. Li F, Puffer BA, Montelaro RC. The S2 gene of equine infectious anemia virus is dispensable for viral replication in vitro.. J Virol 1998 Oct;72(10):8344-8.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.10.8344-8348.1998pubmed: 9733881google scholar: lookup
            7. Oaks JL, McGuire TC, Ulibarri C, Crawford TB. Equine infectious anemia virus is found in tissue macrophages during subclinical infection.. J Virol 1998 Sep;72(9):7263-9.
              doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.9.7263-7269.1998pubmed: 9696821google scholar: lookup
            Subscribe to our newsletter
            Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.