Equine viral arteritis.
Abstract: Equine arteritis virus (EAV), the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), is a respiratory and reproductive disease that occurs throughout the world. EAV infection is highly species-specific and exclusively limited to members of the family Equidae, which includes horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras. EVA is an economically important disease and outbreaks could cause significant losses to the equine industry. The primary objective of this article is to summarize current understanding of EVA, specifically the disease, pathogenesis, epidemiology, host immune response, vaccination and treatment strategies, prevention and control measures, and future directions.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2014-11-06 PubMed ID: 25441113DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.011Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- Non-P.H.S.
Summary
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This research article provides a comprehensive analysis of Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA), a disease caused by the Equine arteritis virus (EAV) which affects members of the family Equidae. It explores the disease’s pathology, the host’s immune response, as well as strategies for vaccination, prevention, and treatment.
Overview of the Disease
- EVA, caused by EAV, primarily impacts the respiratory and reproductive systems of horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras. Its high species-specificity means it exclusively affects members of the Equidae family.
- This viral disease has a global presence and can inflict heavy economic losses on the equine industry through large-scale outbreaks.
Pathogenesis of EVA
- The article provides an in-depth analysis of the disease’s pathogenesis, exploring how EAV interacts with the host’s cells and tissues, and the mechanisms that lead to the development of the disease.
Epidemiology of EVA
- This section would likely document the incidence, distribution, and possible control of EVA within different equine populations worldwide.
Host Immune Response
- This part of the paper discusses the host’s (horse, donkey, mule, or zebra) immune response against EAV, i.e., how the virus triggers the immune system and the subsequent immune reaction to eliminate the virus.
Vaccination and Treatment Strategies
- This part critically reviews the existing vaccination and treatment strategies against EVA. It explains how these strategies work, their effectiveness, and potential side effects if any. Future avenues for improvement would also likely be discussed.
Prevention and Control Measures
- This section deals with measures to prevent or control the spread of EVA. The focus may range from cleanliness and quarantine measures to potential disease surveillance methods.
Future Directions
- The research concludes with future directions, which could include novel treatment methods, vaccination strategies, or potential research areas that would enhance the understanding and control of EVA.
Cite This Article
APA
Balasuriya UB.
(2014).
Equine viral arteritis.
Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract, 30(3), 543-560.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.011 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA. Electronic address: ubalasuriya@uky.edu.
MeSH Terms
- Abortion, Veterinary / virology
- Animals
- Arteritis / physiopathology
- Arteritis / veterinary
- Arteritis / virology
- Arterivirus Infections / physiopathology
- Arterivirus Infections / veterinary
- Arterivirus Infections / virology
- Equartevirus / isolation & purification
- Equidae
- Female
- Horse Diseases / physiopathology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Pregnancy
Citations
This article has been cited 12 times.- Thieulent CJ, Sarkar S, Carossino M, Bhowmik M, Zhu H, Balasuriya UBR. Cell Surface Vimentin Is an Attachment Factor That Facilitates Equine Arteritis Virus Infection In Vitro. Viruses 2026 Jan 15;18(1).
- Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Graves K, Bailey E, Eberth J, Canisso IF, Andrews FM, Keowen ML, Go YY. Development of a TaqMan(®) Allelic Discrimination qPCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Equine CXCL16 Allelic Variants Associated With the Establishment of Long-Term Equine Arteritis Virus Carrier State in Stallions. Front Genet 2022;13:871875.
- Chaudhari J, Liew CS, Workman AM, Riethoven JM, Steffen D, Sillman S, Vu HLX. Host Transcriptional Response to Persistent Infection with a Live-Attenuated Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain. Viruses 2020 Jul 28;12(8).
- Satué K, Gardon JC, Muñoz A. Clinical and laboratorial description of the differential diagnoses of hemostatic disorders in the horse. Iran J Vet Res 2020 Winter;21(1):1-8.
- Carossino M, Dini P, Kalbfleisch TS, Loynachan AT, Canisso IF, Cook RF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine arteritis virus long-term persistence is orchestrated by CD8+ T lymphocyte transcription factors, inhibitory receptors, and the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis. PLoS Pathog 2019 Jul;15(7):e1007950.
- Nam B, Mekuria Z, Carossino M, Li G, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Cook RF, Shuck KM, Campos JR, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Intrahost Selection Pressure Drives Equine Arteritis Virus Evolution during Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2019 Jun 15;93(12).
- Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H, Kondo T. Evaluation of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibodies against equine arteritis virus. J Equine Sci 2018 Dec;29(4):111-115.
- Carossino M, Dini P, Kalbfleisch TS, Loynachan AT, Canisso IF, Shuck KM, Timoney PJ, Cook RF, Balasuriya UBR. Downregulation of MicroRNA eca-mir-128 in Seminal Exosomes and Enhanced Expression of CXCL16 in the Stallion Reproductive Tract Are Associated with Long-Term Persistence of Equine Arteritis Virus. J Virol 2018 May 1;92(9).
- Carossino M, Wagner B, Loynachan AT, Cook RF, Canisso IF, Chelvarajan L, Edwards CL, Nam B, Timoney JF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017 Oct;24(10).
- Carossino M, Loynachan AT, Canisso IF, Cook RF, Campos JR, Nam B, Go YY, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT, Swerczek T, Del Piero F, Bailey E, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8(+) T and CD21(+) B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2017 Jul 1;91(13).
- Sarkar S, Bailey E, Go YY, Cook RF, Kalbfleisch T, Eberth J, Chelvarajan RL, Shuck KM, Artiushin S, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Allelic Variation in CXCL16 Determines CD3+ T Lymphocyte Susceptibility to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection and Establishment of Long-Term Carrier State in the Stallion. PLoS Genet 2016 Dec;12(12):e1006467.
- Sarkar S, Chelvarajan L, Go YY, Cook F, Artiushin S, Mondal S, Anderson K, Eberth J, Timoney PJ, Kalbfleisch TS, Bailey E, Balasuriya UB. Equine Arteritis Virus Uses Equine CXCL16 as an Entry Receptor. J Virol 2016 Jan 13;90(7):3366-84.
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