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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense bioma...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2026; 40(1); aalag017; doi: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalag017

Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense biomarkers in healthy and colic horses: correlation with type of colic and outcome.

Abstract: Colic is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, with oxidative stress implicated in its pathophysiology. Objective: Evaluate biomarkers (BIOs) of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in healthy horses and those with non-strangulating colic (NSC) and strangulating colic (SC) and assess correlations with survival. Methods: Seventy-one adult horses: 10 healthy and 61 colic-affected (42 NSC, 19 SC) admitted to 3 veterinary teaching hospitals. Methods: Prospective, multicenter cohort study. Blood samples were collected at admission (T0) and up to 96 h post-admission. Biomarkers measured included arylesterase (AREase), paraoxonase (POase), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), butyrylcholinesterase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics and generalized linear mixed models. Results: Compared with healthy horses, colic-affected horses had higher AREase (P = .01), GST (P = .001), and GPx (P = .001), and lower POase (P < .001) and TAC (P = .02). Survival was associated with higher AREase (coefficient [coef.] 106.65 kU/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24.70-188.60; P = .01), lower SOD (coef. -0.38 U/mL; 95%CI, -0.76 to -0.06; P = .03), and lower TAC (coef. -3.37 μmol/mL; 95%CI, -5.49 to -1.25; P = .01). Colic type also influenced results, with NSC (vs SC) associated with lower LPO (coef. -1.24 malondialdehyde [MDA]/μL; 95%CI, -2.81 to -0.32; P = .01), higher SOD (coef. 0.42; 95%CI, 0.03-0.81; P = .04), and higher TAC (coef. 1.21; 95%CI, 0.10-2.98; P = .04). Conclusions: Results emphasize the association between oxidative stress BIOs and colic in horses, suggesting that specific BIOs, particularly AREase, may have prognostic utility.
© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2026-02-26 PubMed ID: 41742576PubMed Central: PMC12906274DOI: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalag017Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Multicenter Study

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated oxidative stress and antioxidant defense biomarkers in healthy horses and horses suffering from two types of colic (non-strangulating and strangulating), aiming to understand their relationship with disease type and patient survival outcomes.

Introduction and Background

  • Colic is a significant medical condition in horses, leading to high rates of illness and death.
  • Oxidative stress, an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, is thought to play a role in the development and progression of colic.
  • Understanding biomarkers related to oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses may help in diagnosing and predicting outcomes in horses with colic.

Study Objectives

  • Measure and compare oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers among healthy horses, horses with non-strangulating colic (NSC), and horses with strangulating colic (SC).
  • Determine correlations between these biomarkers and survival outcomes.
  • Assess whether specific biomarkers are associated with the type of colic.

Methods

  • Population: 71 adult horses total; 10 healthy, 61 with colic (42 NSC, 19 SC).
  • Setting: Horses admitted to three veterinary teaching hospitals.
  • Study Design: Prospective, multicenter cohort study.
  • Blood samples collected on admission (T0) and up to 96 hours after admission.
  • Measured biomarkers:
    • Arylesterase (AREase)
    • Paraoxonase (POase)
    • Lipid peroxidation (LPO) – measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels
    • Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
    • Butyrylcholinesterase
    • Total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
    • Glutathione S-transferase (GST)
    • Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
  • Statistical analysis included nonparametric tests and generalized linear mixed models to assess differences and associations.

Key Results

  • Differences between healthy and colic horses:
    • Increased AREase, GST, and GPx in colic-affected horses (p-values 0.01, 0.001, and 0.001 respectively), indicating elevated antioxidant enzyme activities in response to colic.
    • Decreased POase and TAC in colic horses (p < 0.001 and 0.02), suggesting compromised paraoxonase activity and overall antioxidant capacity.
  • Associations with survival:
    • Higher AREase levels correlated with better survival (Coefficient 106.65 kU/L; p = 0.01), indicating this biomarker might be protective or reflect better physiological response.
    • Lower SOD (Coefficient -0.38 U/mL; p = 0.03) and lower TAC (Coefficient -3.37 μmol/mL; p = 0.01) were associated with survival, indicating that elevated oxidative stress markers may relate to worse outcomes.
  • Influence of colic type:
    • NSC was associated with lower lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels compared to SC (Coefficient -1.24 MDA/μL; p = 0.01), suggesting less oxidative damage in NSC.
    • NSC horses had higher SOD (Coefficient 0.42; p = 0.04) and higher TAC (Coefficient 1.21; p = 0.04) than SC horses, indicative of better antioxidant defense in NSC cases.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The study confirms oxidative stress biomarkers differ significantly between healthy horses and those with colic, and also vary with colic severity and type.
  • Some biomarkers, particularly arylesterase (AREase), may serve as useful prognostic indicators for survival in colic-affected horses.
  • Colic type influences oxidative stress and antioxidant responses, with strangulating colic showing more oxidative damage and weaker antioxidant defense compared to non-strangulating colic.
  • These findings suggest antioxidant biomarkers could help veterinarians assess prognosis and potentially guide therapeutic strategies in horses with colic.

Cite This Article

APA
Bindi F, de Marchi L, Elias-Cortajarena A, Sala G, Vitale V, Spadari A, Rinnovati R, Bonelli F, Sgorbini M. (2026). Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense biomarkers in healthy and colic horses: correlation with type of colic and outcome. J Vet Intern Med, 40(1), aalag017. https://doi.org/10.1093/jvimsj/aalag017

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 40
Issue: 1
PII: aalag017

Researcher Affiliations

Bindi, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy.
de Marchi, Lucia
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy.
Elias-Cortajarena, Ane
  • Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, Spain.
Sala, Giulia
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy.
Vitale, Valentina
  • Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, Spain.
Spadari, Alessandro
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
Rinnovati, Riccardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
Bonelli, Francesca
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy.
Sgorbini, Micaela
  • Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / blood
  • Horse Diseases / metabolism
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Oxidative Stress / physiology
  • Colic / veterinary
  • Colic / blood
  • Colic / metabolism
  • Male
  • Female
  • Antioxidants / metabolism
  • Prospective Studies
  • Aryldialkylphosphatase / blood
  • Superoxide Dismutase / blood
  • Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / blood
  • Lipid Peroxidation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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