Evaluation of safety, humoral immune response and faecal shedding in horses inoculated with a modified-live bovine coronavirus vaccination.
Abstract: Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is considered an emerging enteric virus with reported morbidity rates ranging from 10 to 83% and fatality rates ranging from 7 to 27% in adult horses; a vaccine for ECoV is currently not available. This study investigated the safety, humoral response and viral shedding in horses inoculated with a commercially available modified-live bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. Twelve healthy adult horses were vaccinated twice, 3 weeks apart, either orally, intranasally or intrarectally. Two healthy unvaccinated horses served as sentinel controls. Following each vaccine administration, horses were monitored daily for physical abnormalities whilst the onset and duration of BCoV shedding was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in nasal secretions and faeces. Whole blood was collected every 3 weeks to determine BCoV-specific antibody response. With the exception of transient and self-limiting changes in faecal character observed in seven vaccinated and one control horse, no additional abnormal clinical findings were found in the study horses. Following the first and second vaccine administration, two and one horse, respectively, tested qPCR-positive for BCoV in nasal secretions 1-day post intranasal vaccination. No vaccinated horses tested qPCR-positive for BCoV in faeces following each vaccine administration. One of the two horses that shed BCoV seroconverted to BCoV after the first vaccine administration and an additional two vaccinated horses (oral and intrarectal) seroconverted to BCoV after the second vaccine administration. In conclusion, the results show that the modified-live BCoV is safe to administer to horses via various routes, causes minimal virus shedding and results in detectable antibodies to BCoV in 27% of the vaccinates.
© 2019 EVJ Ltd.
Publication Date: 2019-08-31 PubMed ID: 32427191PubMed Central: PMC7228322DOI: 10.1111/eve.13175Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research evaluates the use of a modified live bovine coronavirus vaccine in adult horses and its effects on safety, immune response, and shedding of the virus. The test shows the vaccine is safe to administer, produces minimal virus shedding, and resulted in observable antibodies to bovine coronavirus in over one-fourth of the horses.
Methodology of the Study
- The study utilized twelve healthy adult horses, which were divided and given two doses of the vaccine in three different manners: orally, intranasally or intrarectally. Each dose was administered three weeks apart.
- Two additional horses, not given the vaccine acted as control subjects.
- Post-administration, horses were observed daily for any physical irregularities. The start and duration of BCoV shedding were tested via qPCR in nasal secretions and faeces.
- Every three weeks, blood samples were collected to measure BCoV-specific antibody response.
Findings of the Study
- There were no significant adverse clinical findings in the horses given the vaccine, with the exception of temporary changes in faecal character noticed in seven vaccinated horses and one control horse.
- Post the first and second vaccine administration, some horses tested qPCR-positive for BCoV in nasal secretions, likely indicating temporary shedding of the live-virus.
- None of the vaccinated horses tested qPCR-positive for BCoV in faeces following each vaccine administration.
- An immune response was detected in some horses, with BCoV antibodies observed in one horse after the first administration and two additional horses following the second administration.
Conclusions of the Study
- The BCoV vaccine when administered to horses resulted in minimal virus shedding and produced an observable humoral response in 27% of the vaccinated animals.
- The vaccine did cause some minor and self-limiting changes in faecal characteristics.
- The study concluded the modified live BCoV vaccine to be safe to administer to horses via multiple routes with no major health compromises.
Cite This Article
APA
Prutton JSW, Barnum S, Pusterla N.
(2019).
Evaluation of safety, humoral immune response and faecal shedding in horses inoculated with a modified-live bovine coronavirus vaccination.
Equine Vet Educ, 32(Suppl 11), 33-36.
https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13175 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA.
- Present address: Liphook Equine Hospital Forest Mere Liphook Hampshire GU30 7JG UK.
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA.
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA.
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Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Mashin VV, Sergeev AN, Martynova NN, Sergeev AA, Lys'ko KA, Raikov AO, Kataeva VV, Zagidullin NV. Viral Safety Issues in the Production and Manufacturing of Human Immunoglobulin Preparations from Equine Plasma/Serum. Pharm Chem J 2022;56(4):532-537.
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