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Evidence of strain-mode-related cortical adaptation in the diaphysis of the horse radius.
Abstract: The relative importance that certain strain features, including mode (e.g., tension vs. compression) and magnitude, have in affecting adaptive bone remodeling seen in normal skeletally mature bones remains controversial. The equine radius is used as a model because in vivo strain data show that the mid-to-proximal diaphysis receives a consistent history of predominantly cranial-caudal bending loads, in contrast to the distal diaphysis which receives relatively more torsional loading superimposed on cranial-caudal bending. Medial and lateral cortices serve as control regions because they correspond to a neutral axis of bending. Equine radii were sectioned transversely at 65% (proximal), 50%, and 35% (distal) of length and cortical bone from the cranial ("tension"), caudal ("compression"), medial, and lateral regions was examined to determine if one, of many, structural and material features could be distinguished as being consistently related to the distribution of the prevailing strain modes. Mineral content (percent ash) differences, though statistically significant (p < 0.01), vary less than 1% between regions of the cortex at all sections. Porosity is not significantly different between any of the regions (p = 0.13). In the 65% and 50% sections, secondary osteon population density (OPD, osteons per square millimeter) and fractional area of secondary bone (FASB) are each nearly two times as great in the caudal regions than in the other three regions (p < 0.01). The 35% section shows a pattern opposite of that in the other sections--there are more than two times as many osteons in the cranial cortex than in the caudal cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publication Date: 1995-09-01 PubMed ID: 8541135DOI: 10.1016/8756-3282(95)00213-wGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- Non-P.H.S.
Summary
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The research investigates how different types of strain modes affect bone remodeling in the diaphysis (mid-section) of a horse’s radius (foreleg bone). The study found that these strain modes do have an impact on the bone’s structural and material features, with differences noted in the mineral content, porosity, and density of secondary osteons; however, these differences varied across different sections of the bone.
Study Design
The bones of a horse’s foreleg were used as the study model because in living horses, these bones experience consistent bending loads. These strain modes were observed and analyzed at three transverse-sectioned points along the horse’s radius: 65% (proximal), 50%, and 35% (distal) of length.
The analyses focussed on four regions of the bone cortex – the cranial (“tension”), caudal (“compression”), medial, and lateral regions. The goal was to identify whether the prevailing strain modes had any consistent relationship with the structural and material features of the bone.
Findings and Interpretation
- The study revealed a less than 1% variation in mineral content across different regions of the bone cortex. While this was statistically significant (p < 0.01), the small magnitude of the difference suggests that it may not have meaningful implications for bone structure or function.
- No significant difference in porosity was observed between different regions (p = 0.13), suggesting that strain modes might not impact this aspect of bone structure.
- At the 65% and 50% sections of the radius, the population density of secondary osteons – small structures in bony tissue – and the fractional area of secondary bone were almost double in the compression (caudal) regions compared to the other three regions. This indicates a certain degree of cortical adaptation to these strain modes in these sections of the bone.
- Conversely, in the 35% section, the cranial cortex (tension region) had more than double the number of osteons as the caudal cortex. This seems to suggest a reversal of the pattern seen in the higher sections, pointing to a different pattern of bone adaptation in this region.
Conclusions
The findings suggest that strain modes do play a role in influencing the structural and material features of bones, showing evidence of cortical adaptation. However, the effects appear to differ across various sections of the bone. This research could serve as groundwork for further investigations into understanding bone adaptations under different loading conditions.
Cite This Article
APA
Mason MW, Skedros JG, Bloebaum RD.
(1995).
Evidence of strain-mode-related cortical adaptation in the diaphysis of the horse radius.
Bone, 17(3), 229-237.
https://doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(95)00213-w Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, V.A. Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Bone Density
- Bone Remodeling
- Diaphyses / physiology
- Haversian System / physiology
- Haversian System / ultrastructure
- Horses / physiology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Radius / anatomy & histology
- Radius / physiology
- Stress, Mechanical
Citations
This article has been cited 18 times.- Imamura T, Ogami-Takamura K, Saiki K, Hamamoto A, Endo D, Murai K, Nishi K, Sakamoto J, Okamoto K, Oyamada J, Manabe Y, Tsurumoto T. Morphological divergence in the curvature of human femoral diaphyses: Tracing the central mass distributions of cross-sections. J Anat 2021 Jul;239(1):46-58.
- Taguchi T, Lopez MJ. An overview of de novo bone generation in animal models. J Orthop Res 2021 Jan;39(1):7-21.
- Nguyen JT, Barak MM. Secondary osteon structural heterogeneity between the cranial and caudal cortices of the proximal humerus in white-tailed deer. J Exp Biol 2020 Jun 11;223(Pt 11).
- Becker M, Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Frölich K, Kierdorf H. Ontogenetic changes of tissue compartmentalization and bone type distribution in the humerus of Soay sheep. J Anat 2020 Aug;237(2):334-354.
- Skedros JG, Doutré MS. Collagen fiber orientation pattern, osteon morphology and distribution, and presence of laminar histology do not distinguish torsion from bending in bat and pigeon wing bones. J Anat 2019 Jun;234(6):748-763.
- Skedros JG, Henrie TR, Doutré MS, Bloebaum RD. Sealed osteons in animals and humans: low prevalence and lack of relationship with age. J Anat 2018 May;232(5):824-835.
- Gocha TP, Agnew AM. Spatial variation in osteon population density at the human femoral midshaft: histomorphometric adaptations to habitual load environment. J Anat 2016 May;228(5):733-45.
- Goldman HM, Hampson NA, Guth JJ, Lin D, Jepsen KJ. Intracortical remodeling parameters are associated with measures of bone robustness. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014 Oct;297(10):1817-28.
- Mayya A, Banerjee A, Rajesh R. Mammalian cortical bone in tension is non-Haversian. Sci Rep 2013;3:2533.
- Skedros JG, Clark GC, Sorenson SM, Taylor KW, Qiu S. Analysis of the effect of osteon diameter on the potential relationship of osteocyte lacuna density and osteon wall thickness. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011 Sep;294(9):1472-85.
- Skedros JG, Kiser CJ, Keenan KE, Thomas SC. Analysis of osteon morphotype scoring schemes for interpreting load history: evaluation in the chimpanzee femur. J Anat 2011 May;218(5):480-99.
- Main RP. Ontogenetic relationships between in vivo strain environment, bone histomorphometry and growth in the goat radius. J Anat 2007 Mar;210(3):272-93.
- Goldman HM, Thomas CD, Clement JG, Bromage TG. Relationships among microstructural properties of bone at the human midshaft femur. J Anat 2005 Feb;206(2):127-39.
- Liu D, Wagner HD, Weiner S. Bending and fracture of compact circumferential and osteonal lamellar bone of the baboon tibia. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000 Jan;11(1):49-60.
- Skedros JG, Hunt KJ. Does the degree of laminarity correlate with site-specific differences in collagen fibre orientation in primary bone? An evaluation in the turkey ulna diaphysis. J Anat 2004 Aug;205(2):121-34.
- Goldman HM, Bromage TG, Boyde A, Thomas CD, Clement JG. Intrapopulation variability in mineralization density at the human femoral mid-shaft. J Anat 2003 Aug;203(2):243-55.
- Ciamillo SA, Bills KW, Gassert TM, Richardson DW, Brown KA, Stefanovski D, Ortved KF. Effect of high-speed exercise on subchondral bone in the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joints of 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses in their first year of training. Equine Vet J 2026 Jan;58(1):40-48.
- Skedros JG, Dayton MR, Bloebaum RD, Bachus KN, Cronin JT. Strain-mode-specific mechanical testing and the interpretation of bone adaptation in the deer calcaneus. J Anat 2024 Mar;244(3):411-423.
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