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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2017; 6(1); 6; doi: 10.3390/pathogens6010006

Evolution and Divergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses Circulating in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2015.

Abstract: Equine influenza viruses (EIV) are a major cause of acute respiratory disease in horses worldwide and occasionally also affect vaccinated animals. Like other influenza A viruses, they undergo antigenic drift, highlighting the importance of both surveillance and virus characterisation in order for vaccine strains to be kept up to date. The aim of the work reported here was to monitor the genetic and antigenic changes occurring in EIV circulating in the UK from 2013 to 2015 and to identify any evidence of vaccine breakdown in the field. Virus isolation, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing were performed on EIV-positive nasopharyngeal swab samples submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratory Services at the Animal Health Trust (AHT). Phylogenetic analyses were completed for the haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) and neuraminidase (NA) genes using PhyML and amino acid sequences compared against the current World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended Florida clade 2 vaccine strain. Substitutions between the new isolates and the vaccine strain were mapped onto the three-dimensional structure protein structures using PyMol. Antigenic analyses were carried out by haemagglutination inhibition assay using a panel of post-infection ferret antisera. Sixty-nine outbreaks of equine influenza in the UK were reported by the AHT between January 2013 and December 2015. Forty-seven viruses were successfully isolated in eggs from 41 of the outbreaks. Only three cases of vaccine breakdown were identified and in each case the vaccine used contained a virus antigen not currently recommended for equine influenza vaccines. Nucleotide sequencing of the HA and NA genes revealed that all of the viruses belonged to the Florida clade 2 sub-lineage of H3N8 EIV. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed that the two sub-populations, previously identified within clade 2, continued to circulate and had accrued further amino acid substitutions. Antigenic characterisation using post-infection ferret antisera in haemagglutination inhibition assays however, failed to detect any marked antigenic differences between the isolates. These findings show that Florida clade 2 EIV continue to circulate in the UK and support the current OIE recommendation to include an example of Florida clade 2 in vaccines.
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Publication Date: 2017-02-08 PubMed ID: 28208721PubMed Central: PMC5371894DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6010006Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study focused on examining the evolution and divergence of the H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses (EIV) in the UK from 2013 to 2015, aiming to identify any changes in these viruses and possible vaccine breakdowns.

Methodology

  • Virus isolation, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing were performed on EIV-positive nasopharyngeal swab samples submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratory Services at the Animal Health Trust (AHT).
  • Phylogenetic analyses were completed for the haemagglutinin-1 (HA1) and neuraminidase (NA) genes using PhyML, a tool for phylogenetic reconstruction, and amino acid sequences were compared against the current World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended Florida clade 2 vaccine strain.
  • Substitutions between the new isolates and the vaccine strain were observed by mapping onto the three-dimensional structure protein structures using PyMol, a molecular visualization tool. Antigenic analyses were carried out by haemagglutination inhibition assay using a panel of post-infection ferret antisera.

Findings

  • Between January 2013 and December 2015, 69 outbreaks of equine influenza in the UK were reported by the AHT. From these, 47 viruses were successfully isolated in eggs from 41 of the outbreaks.
  • There were only three identified cases of vaccine breakdown, and in each case, the vaccine that was used contained a virus antigen not currently recommended for equine influenza vaccines.
  • The nucleotide sequencing of the HA and NA genes revealed that all of the viruses belonged to the Florida clade 2 sub-lineage of H3N8 EIV.
  • Phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed that the previously identified two sub-populations of the Florida clade 2 continued to circulate, with additional amino acid substitutions accrued over time.
  • Interestingly, no significant antigenic differences were observed between the isolates through antigenic characterisation using post-infection ferret antisera in haemagglutination inhibition assays.

Implications

  • The findings support the current OIE recommendation to include an example of Florida clade 2 in vaccines as it continues to circulate in the UK.
  • This research enhances the understanding of EIV evolution, highlighting the need for continued monitoring of the virus to ensure the effectiveness of existing vaccines and inform the development of new ones.

Cite This Article

APA
Rash A, Morton R, Woodward A, Maes O, McCauley J, Bryant N, Elton D. (2017). Evolution and Divergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses Circulating in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2015. Pathogens, 6(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens6010006

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
PII: 6

Researcher Affiliations

Rash, Adam
  • Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK. adam.rash@aht.org.uk.
Morton, Rachel
  • Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK. Rachel.Morton@aht.org.uk.
Woodward, Alana
  • Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK. Alana.Woodward@aht.org.uk.
Maes, Olivia
  • Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK. Olivia.Maes@aht.org.uk.
McCauley, John
  • Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK. John.McCauley@crick.ac.uk.
Bryant, Neil
  • Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK. Neil.Bryant@aht.org.uk.
Elton, Debra
  • Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, UK. Debra.Elton@aht.org.uk.

Grant Funding

  • Wellcome Trust
  • FC001030 / Arthritis Research UK
  • MC_U117512723 / Medical Research Council

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

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