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The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne2016; 57(7); 747-751;

Evolution of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in an equine hospital over 3 decades.

Abstract: This study identified antimicrobial resistance patterns of commonly isolated bacteria at the Equine Hospital of the Université de Montréal between 2007 and 2013, and compared the results with the resistance patterns observed in tests performed in previous decades in the same hospital. A total of 396 antimicrobial susceptibility tests were analyzed by the Kirby-Bauer method during the period 2007 to 2013 and compared to 233 and 255 tests completed in 1986 to 1988 and 1996 to 1998, respectively. The most common bacteria were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) and Escherichia coli. Except for resistance of coagulase-positive staphylococci to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, there was no overall increase in resistance observed between 1986 to 1988 and 2007 to 2013 for antimicrobials reported for all 3 periods. However, between 1996 to 1998 and 2007 to 2013, there was an increase in in vitro resistance to enrofloxacin for E. coli and Enterobacter spp., and to ceftiofur for Enterobacter spp. and coagulase-positive staphylococci. No increase in resistance was observed for S. zooepidemicus and no isolate was resistant to penicillin. L’objectif était d’identifier les patrons de résistance aux antimicrobiens des bactéries fréquemment isolées à l’Hôpital Équin de l’Université de Montréal de 2007 à 2013, pour ensuite les comparer aux données observées au cours des dernières décennies dans le même hôpital. Trois cent quatre-vingt-seize antibiogrammes faits à l’aide de la méthode Kirby-Bauer ont été analysés et comparés aux 233 et 255 ayant été effectués en 1986–1988 et 1996–1998, respectivement. Les bactéries les plus fréquentes étaient subsp. et Pour les antibiotiques testés pendant les 3 périodes de l’étude, il n’y pas eu d’augmentation de la résistance observée entre 1986–1988 et 2007–2013, à exception de celle des staphylocoques à coagulase positive au triméthoprime-sulfaméthoxazole. Cependant, entre 1996–1998 et 2007–2013, une augmentation de la résistance à l’enrofloxacin a été observée pour et spp., ainsi qu’une augmentation de la résistance au ceftiofur pour spp. et les staphylocoques à coagulase positive. Aucune augmentation de résistance n’a été observée pour et aucun isolat n’était résistant à la pénicilline.(Traduit par les auteurs).
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Publication Date: 2016-07-20 PubMed ID: 27429463PubMed Central: PMC4904812
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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The research monitors the changes in antimicrobial resistance of common bacteria isolated at a university equine hospital over a span of three decades.

Introduction

The study seeks to trace the evolution of antibiotic resistance in commonly isolated bacteria in a horse hospital over a 30-year period. The aim was to understand the changing patterns of antimicrobial resistance to support improved infection control measures, given the growing global concern over antimicrobial resistance.

Methods

  • The study period spanned three decades: 1986-1988, 1996-1998 and 2007-2013.
  • Bacteria were isolated from the Université de Montréal’s Equine Hospital during these periods.
  • A total of 884 antimicrobial susceptibility tests were analysed by the Kirby-Bauer method.
  • The Kirby-Bauer method is a standard way of determining the susceptibility of a specific bacterium to antibiotics, involving placing the bacteria on an agar plate and setting antibiotic disks on top to see the subtantial growth.
  • The most commonly isolated bacteria were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Results

  • From 1986-1988 and 2007-2013, there was no critical increase in resistance to usual antimicrobials – except for coagulase-positive staphylococci to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
  • However, between 1996-1998 and 2007-2013, there was an observed increase in in vitro resistance towards Enrofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone antibiotic) for E. coli and Enterobacter species, and towards Ceftiofur (a cephalosporin antibiotic) for Enterobacter species and coagulase-positive staphylococci.
  • Interestingly, no increase in resistance was seen in S. zooepidemicus over these periods.
  • All isolated bacteria remained susceptible to penicillin: no isolate was penicillin-resistant.

Conclusion

The research provided crucial insights into the evolution of antimicrobial resistance over the years in an equine context. The increasing resistance to specific antibiotics amongst certain species of bacteria may have significant implications for equine infection treatment protocols. Further work is needed to continually monitor resistance patterns and inform efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Cite This Article

APA
Malo A, Cluzel C, Labrecque O, Beauchamp G, Lavoie JP, Leclere M. (2016). Evolution of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in an equine hospital over 3 decades. Can Vet J, 57(7), 747-751.

Publication

The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne
ISSN: 0008-5286
NlmUniqueID: 0004653
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 57
Issue: 7
Pages: 747-751

Researcher Affiliations

Malo, Annie
  • Department of Clinical Sciences (Malo, Lavoie, Leclere), Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Cluzel), Veterinary Biomedicine Department (Beauchamp), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Q J2S 7C6; Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, St. Hyacinthe, Q (Labrecque).
Cluzel, Caroline
  • Department of Clinical Sciences (Malo, Lavoie, Leclere), Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Cluzel), Veterinary Biomedicine Department (Beauchamp), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Q J2S 7C6; Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, St. Hyacinthe, Q (Labrecque).
Labrecque, Olivia
  • Department of Clinical Sciences (Malo, Lavoie, Leclere), Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Cluzel), Veterinary Biomedicine Department (Beauchamp), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Q J2S 7C6; Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, St. Hyacinthe, Q (Labrecque).
Beauchamp, Guy
  • Department of Clinical Sciences (Malo, Lavoie, Leclere), Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Cluzel), Veterinary Biomedicine Department (Beauchamp), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Q J2S 7C6; Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, St. Hyacinthe, Q (Labrecque).
Lavoie, Jean-Pierre
  • Department of Clinical Sciences (Malo, Lavoie, Leclere), Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Cluzel), Veterinary Biomedicine Department (Beauchamp), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Q J2S 7C6; Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, St. Hyacinthe, Q (Labrecque).
Leclere, Mathilde
  • Department of Clinical Sciences (Malo, Lavoie, Leclere), Department of Pathology and Microbiology (Cluzel), Veterinary Biomedicine Department (Beauchamp), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St. Hyacinthe, Q J2S 7C6; Laboratoire d'épidémiosurveillance animale, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec, St. Hyacinthe, Q (Labrecque).

MeSH Terms

  • Adaptation, Physiological
  • Animals
  • Biological Evolution
  • Canada
  • Drug Resistance, Bacterial
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses
  • Hospitals, Animal

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Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Rockow M, Griffenhagen G, Landolt G, Hendrickson D, Pezzanite L. Current Antimicrobial Use in Horses Undergoing Exploratory Celiotomy: A Survey of Board-Certified Equine Specialists. Animals (Basel) 2023 Apr 22;13(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13091433pubmed: 37174470google scholar: lookup
  2. Marshall K, Marsella R. Evolution of the Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance to Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Horses in Florida over a 10-Year Period. Vet Sci 2023 Jan 18;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10020071pubmed: 36851375google scholar: lookup
  3. Lord J, Carter C, Smith J, Locke S, Phillips E, Odoi A. Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus and Rhodococcus equi isolated from equine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Kentucky, USA. PeerJ 2022;10:e13682.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.13682pubmed: 36164606google scholar: lookup
  4. Léon A, Castagnet S, Maillard K, Paillot R, Giard JC. Evolution of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Equine Clinical Isolates in France between 2016 and 2019. Animals (Basel) 2020 May 7;10(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10050812pubmed: 32392891google scholar: lookup
  5. Awosile BB, Heider LC, Saab ME, McClure JT. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from horses from the Atlantic Provinces, Canada (1994 to 2013). Can Vet J 2018 Sep;59(9):951-957.
    pubmed: 30197437
  6. Symoens A, Gauthier ML, Paillette L, Allano M, Lavoie JP, Leclère M. Evolution of in vitro antimicrobial resistance at an equine hospital over 4 decades. Can Vet J 2025 Aug;66(8):903-910.
    pubmed: 40786736
  7. Allano M, Arsenault J, Archambault M, Fairbrother JH, Sauvé F. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization in Horses Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. J Vet Intern Med 2025 May-Jun;39(3):e70027.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70027pubmed: 40135807google scholar: lookup
  8. Kabir A, Lamichhane B, Habib T, Adams A, El-Sheikh Ali H, Slovis NM, Troedsson MHT, Helmy YA. Antimicrobial Resistance in Equines: A Growing Threat to Horse Health and Beyond-A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024 Jul 29;13(8).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13080713pubmed: 39200013google scholar: lookup
  9. Rockow M, Griffenhagen G, Landolt G, Hendrickson D, Pezzanite L. The Effects of Antimicrobial Protocols and Other Perioperative Factors on Postoperative Complications in Horses Undergoing Celiotomy: A Retrospective Analysis, 2008-2021. Animals (Basel) 2023 Nov 19;13(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13223573pubmed: 38003189google scholar: lookup
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