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Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Sta...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(18); 2400; doi: 10.3390/ani12182400

Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously.

Abstract: Facial-expression-based analysis has been widely applied as a pain coding system in horses. Herein, we aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing subcutaneously polylactide-based polymer implantation. The sham group was submitted only to surgical incision. The horses were filmed before and 24 and 48 h after implantation. Five statistical methods for evaluating their facial expressions (FEs) were tested. Primarily, three levels of scores (0, 1, and 2) were applied to the seven FEs (ear movements, eyebrow tension, orbicularis tension, dilated nostrils, eye opening, muzzle tension, and masticatory muscles tension). Subsequently, the scores of the seven FEs were added (SUM). Afterwards, principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using the scores of the seven FEs obtained using the first method. Subsequently, weights were created for each FE, based on each variable's contribution variability obtained from the PCoA (SUM.W). Lastly, we applied a general score (GFS) to the animal's face (0 = without pain; 1 = moderate pain; 2 = severe pain). The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) and cutaneous temperature (CT) values were collected at the same moments. The results show no intra- or intergroup differences, when evaluating each FE separately or in the GFS. In the intragroup comparison and 48 h after implantation, the control group showed higher values for SUM, PCoA, and SUM.W, although the horses implanted with polymers displayed more obvious alterations in the CT and MNT. Our findings show that the five statistical strategies used to analyze the faces of the horses were not able to detect low-grade inflammatory pain.
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Publication Date: 2022-09-13 PubMed ID: 36139260PubMed Central: PMC9495041DOI: 10.3390/ani12182400Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research closely scrutinizes how effectively facial expressions in horses can hint towards subtle pain caused by the subcutaneous placement of polylactide-based polymers. Despite the utilization of five different statistical strategies, the research concedes that none of these techniques proved successful in diagnosing low-grade inflammatory pain in the subjects.

Objective

The research endeavored to identify and evaluate pain in horses after undergoing implantation of polylactide-based polymers, which was tracked via an observational analysis of the horses’ facial expressions. Five different statistical methods were tested in an attempt to accurately assess any subtle pain felt by the horses.

Methodology

  • Horses were reviewed before the procedure and after 24 and 48 hours of having the polymer implants.
  • A series of facial expressions, specifically ear movements, eyebrow tension, orbicularis tension (surrounding the eye), dilated nostrils, eye opening, muzzle tension, and masticatory muscles tension, were allocated a score from 0 to 2.
  • These scores were then added to create a total score(SUM).
  • A principal component analysis (PCoA) was conducted, using the scores from the seven facial expressions.
  • Weighing scales were then set for each facial expression, based on the variability contribution of each variable gleaned via PCoA (SUM.W).
  • Lastly, a general face score (GFS) was calculated, ranging from 0 (denoting no pain) to 2 (severe pain).
  • Cutaneous temperature (CT) and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) metrics were also collected at the same intervals.

Results

  • The results suggested that neither singular facial expression analysis nor the GFS demonstrated any significant intra-group or inter-group differences.
  • A deeper examination revealed that while the control group had higher SUM, PCoA, and SUM.W metrics 48 hours after implantation, the horses with polymer implants revealed more pronounced alterations in CT and MNT readings.

Conclusion

The study concludes that facial expression analysis via the five statistical methods employed could not reliably detect low-grade inflammatory pain in horses post implantation. Therefore, alternatives to these statistical strategies should be explored for improved detection of pain in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Carvalho JRG, Trindade PHE, Conde G, Antonioli ML, Funnicelli MIG, Dias PP, Canola PA, Chinelatto MA, Ferraz GC. (2022). Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously. Animals (Basel), 12(18), 2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182400

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 18
PII: 2400

Researcher Affiliations

Carvalho, Júlia R G
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil.
Trindade, Pedro H E
  • Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, FMVZ/UNESP, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil.
Conde, Gabriel
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil.
Antonioli, Marina L
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil.
Funnicelli, Michelli I G
  • Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil.
Dias, Paula P
  • Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, EESC/USP, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil.
Canola, Paulo A
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil.
Chinelatto, Marcelo A
  • Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, EESC/USP, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil.
Ferraz, Guilherme C
  • Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil.

Grant Funding

  • 2017/10959-4 / Su00e3o Paulo Research Foundation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of commercial or financial relationships that could be interpreted as potential conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
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